人类活动对水生态系统的胁迫强度评价 ——以海河流域为例
文献类型：学位论文
| 作者 | 郝利霞 |
| 学位类别 | 博士后 |
| 答辩日期 | 2015-02 |
| 授予单位 | 中国科学院研究生院 |
| 授予地点 | 北京 |
| 导师 | 陈利顶 |
| 关键词 | 海河流域、县域、人类活动、水生态系统、胁迫评价，The Haihe River Basin, county scale, anthropogenic activities, aquatic ecosystem, stress evaluation |
| 其他题名 | Evaluation of anthropogenic activities’ stress intensity on aquatic ecosystem: take the Haihe River Basin for example |
| 学位专业 | 生态学 |
| 中文摘要 | 水是生命之源，水生态系统的健康对人类文明的发展至关重要。近年来，随着城市化进程的加快，人类活动对水生态系统的影响日益显著，很多已超出了水生态系统本身的调控能力，导致水生态系统功能的退化或丧失。因此，研究人类活动对水生态系统的胁迫效应已成为目前研究的热点。海河流域在我国政治经济中的地位极为重要，该流域人类活动对水生态系统的影响强烈而复杂，随着经济社会发展，流域内洪涝灾害加剧、水体污染严重、生物多样性丧失，水生态系统的健康状况不容乐观。本文以海河流域为例，在县域尺度上就人类活动对水生态系统的胁迫强度进行评价分析，具有重要的理论和实践意义。 本研究收集 2010年海河流域县域尺度的工业、农业以及人口等相关社会经济数据，筛选出对水生态系统造成胁迫的关键性社会经济指标。在此基础上，评价了海河流域水生态系统所受的人类活动胁迫大小，分析了造成水生态系统胁迫的主要原因，提出了不同区域的水生态系统保护或者治理对策。主要结论如下： （1）对水生态系统造成胁迫的人类活动主要归属于工业活动、农业活动和人类生活活动 3大类，具体由工业总产值、工业企业个数、工业废水排放量、农作物播种面积、化肥施用量、有效灌溉面积、水产品产量、人口密度、生活用水量和不透水面积 10个社 会经济指标表示。 （2）各指标都具有明显的空间差异性，跟流域的地形条件密切相关。大体上，在海拔较高的蒙古高原-黄土高原一线，指标值最小；其次是燕山 -太行山脉的山区地区，指标值较高原地区稍大；地势平坦、海拔较低的东部平原区指标值最大，除农业活动类指 标外，该区域分布的大中城市的指标值在平原区达到最大，尤其是北京、天津、唐山和石家庄等城市。 （3）海河流域县域尺度人类活动对水生态系统的胁迫较为严重，尤其是东南部的平原地带；胁迫强度总体上呈现明显的空间分布规律。具体而言，人类活动胁迫指数为北部和西部的高原和山区最小，东部平原区所受的胁迫较大，京津产业带和唐山、石家庄- 保定城市群、冀豫鲁交界区等山前平原城市群最大。人类活动胁迫强度的空间分布趋势与海河流域地貌条件的密切相关。 （4）人类生活活动对水生态系统的胁迫强度空间分布规律与人类活动总胁迫分布规律和地形分布规律完全一致。因此，人口密度、不透水面积和生活用水量等生活类指标是人类活动对水生态系统胁迫评价中的关键指标，但地形因素起着根本作用。 （5）在海河流域水生态系统管理中，应设立分级分区管理制度，同时限制大中城市发展规模，推广高效节能企业，并限制化肥施用量，提高农业化肥的利用率。 |
| 英文摘要 | Water is the source of life. Thus the health of water ecosystem is very important to the development of human civilization. With the intensification of human activities, the influence of human activities on water ecosystems is increasingly apparent, which leads to the deterioration and loss of function of some water ecosystems. Consequently, the study on intimidation of the water ecosystem by human activities has been the present research hotspot. The Haihe River Basin has the extremely critical position in politics and economics of china. And the impact of human activities on the aquatic ecosystem is strong and complex in this area. With the economic and social development, the flood disaster, water pollution and biodiversity loss are more serious than any other regions. This paper studied the stress intensity of human activities on the aquatic ecosystem in the Haihe River Basin on the county scale. The associated social and economic data, including industry, agriculture,and population data, of the Haihe River Basin in 2010 is collected. Key economic indicators which cause stress on the aquatic ecosystem were selected.On this basis, the human activities stress on the aquatic ecosystem is evaluated.The geographical distribution of main stress causes to the aquatic ecosystem is analyzed. The countermeasures of protecting the aquatic ecosystem are proposed. The main work and conclusions of this study are as follows. （1） The key stress factors on the aquatic ecosystem caused by human activities includes 10 indicators as follows, total industrial output value, number of enterprises, industrial wastewater emissions, the sown area of crops, the amount of chemical fertilizer, effective irrigation area, the output of aquatic products, population density, water consumption and impervious area, which belong to the industrial category, the agricultural category and population life category respectively. （2） Each indicator has obvious spatial differences, which is closely related with the terrain conditions. Generally, the indicator values of the area on the Mongolia and the Loess Plateau are minimum; the indicator values of the Yanshan-Taihang Mountain area are slightly larger than the plateau area; the indicator values in the eastern plain are maximum. Except for agricultural indexes, the indicator values of large and medium-sized scale city in this area reaches the maximum value, especially in Beijing, Tianjin, Tangshan and Shijiazhuang. （3） At the county scale, the stress intensity of human activities on the aquatic ecosystems is serious, especially on the southeastern plains, which showed obvious spatial distribution as a whole. In particular, the Anthropogenic Threat Index (ATI) is smallest in the regions of plateau and mountains in the North and west of Haihe River Basin, and the ATI is larger on the eastern plain. These piedmont plain areas,such as the industrial belt of Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan, Shijiazhuang-Baoding urban agglomeration, and the junction areas of the province Hebei, Henan and Shandong, that had highest ATI. Spatial trends of human activity’s stress intensity are closely related to the geomorphological conditions of the Haihe River Basin. （4） The spatial distribution of the life activities indicators’ stress intensity to the aquatic ecosystem was matching to the total stress intensity and topographic distribution, which indicates that the life activities indicators such as population density, impervious areas and domestic water consumption was key factors in the stress evaluation of human activities on aquatic ecosystems, but the essential cause was terrain factors. （5） In the management of aquatic ecosystems of Haihe River Basin, the government should establish hierarchical and regionalized management system, and limit the development scale of urban. Meanwhile, the energy-efficient enterprises should be promoted and the utilization of fertilizer in agriculture should be improved. |
| 源URL | [http://ir.rcees.ac.cn/handle/311016/34328]  |
| 专题 | 生态环境研究中心_城市与区域生态国家重点实验室 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 郝利霞. 人类活动对水生态系统的胁迫强度评价 ——以海河流域为例[D]. 北京. 中国科学院研究生院. 2015. |
入库方式： OAI收割
来源：生态环境研究中心
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