中国废旧手机生命周期分析与管理对策研究
文献类型：学位论文
| 作者 | 李博
|
| 学位类别 | 博士 |
| 答辩日期 | 2015-05 |
| 授予单位 | 中国科学院研究生院 |
| 授予地点 | 北京 |
| 导师 | 杨建新 |
| 关键词 | 手机，生命周期评价，生命周期管理，废弃电器电子产品，电子废弃物，mobile phones, life cycle assessment, life cycle management, waste electrical and electronic equipment （WEEE）, e-waste |
| 其他题名 | Life Cycle Analysis and Management countermeasure of Retired Mobile Phones in China |
| 学位专业 | 生态学 |
| 中文摘要 | 作为实现移动通信功能所不可或缺的载体，手机已经成为人们生活中最为常见的电器电子产品。经过二十余年的发展，中国已经成为全球最大的手机生产地和消费国。核心技术的不断进步，功能款式的推陈出新，连同手机生产商、运营商与零售商基于自身利益考量的宣传鼓动等因素共同驱使着消费者频繁的更换手机，因此产生了大量的废旧手机。 作为一类典型的小型废弃电器电子产品（Small WEEE），废旧手机具有产生数量大、单位体积小、回收比例低、资源价值高等特点。此外，因为废旧手机具有复杂的材料组成，不当的资源再生和处理处置过程会产生严重的环境污染和人体健康损害，所以如何构建高效的管理体系实现废旧手机的可持续管理是全球各界近年来面临的共同课题 废旧手机在回收、处理和处置的过程中，对水体、土壤、大气和人体健康等多方面都具有潜在环境影响，因此有必要对其生命周期全过程进行综合管理。为解析废旧手机的生命周期过程，促进中国废旧手机可持续管理体系的构建，本论文主要开展了以下几方面的研究。 （1）梳理了各国废旧手机管理模式与研究现状，发掘了发达国家与地区废旧手机管理的成功做法与经验，识别了中国废旧手机管理在有效模式和方法方面的缺失，探讨了现有相关理论研究的不足。目前中国废旧手机的管理职责分散，涉及利益相关方众多。对比发达国家与地区的废旧手机管理实践，中国尚未建立起覆盖生命周期全过程的废旧手机管理体系。 （2）研究了手机消费行为，探讨了消费者行为对于废旧手机产生和回收过程的影响，调研了废旧手机生命周期不同阶段的利益相关方。结果显示，“水货”手机与“山寨”手机在中国销售量巨大，不容忽视；中国消费者更换手机频繁；退出使用阶段的废旧手机超过半数被闲置，主要原因是回收活动不够吸引人；中国消费者对于废旧手机无偿回收以及生产者延伸责任制度的认知程度低下，显示出废旧手机相关宣传教育尚需完善；中国消费者对于废旧手机回收方式无特别偏好，但预期回收价格过高，也是造成废旧手机大量闲置的原因之一，因此激励在 废旧手机回收中具有重要作用。 （3）总结了国内外现有废弃电器电子产品产生量估算方法的研发背景、估算模型、应用实例以及优点与不足，分析了不同方法的数据需求与适用条件，提出了废弃电器电子产品产生量估算方法的选择策略。论文深入研究了中国废旧手机的产生过程和驱动力，开发了适用于废旧手机产生量估算的注册更新模型。基于上述选择策略选取了市场供给A 模型、消费与使用模型、注册更新模型，基于经过校正的数据对中国废旧手机产生量进行估算，继而研究了中国废旧手机的空间分布与转运流向。结果显示注册更新模型的估算结果更加符合实际情况， 2013 年中国废旧手机产生量达到7.99 亿部，其中接近半数产生于经济发达的东部区域。 选取了不同年代与技术平台的典型型号废旧手机进行拆解试验，量化了不同时期典型手机单位重量、部件与材料组成，评估了中国废旧手机的资源潜力，辨识了中国废旧手机的物质流量与流向。结果显示，废旧手机具有巨大的资源回收潜力，2013 年中国废旧手机中包含可回收资源3.66 万吨；当年产生的废旧手机中有64.29%被闲置，是最主要的流向；其次有22.34%的废旧手机进入整机再使用过程，6.45%被作为材料再生；另有3.23%的物质进入处置阶段，1.31%作为零部件/元器件进入再使用阶段。 （4）应用生命周期评价方法分析了中国废旧手机处理处置两种主要流程的环境效益。结果显示，在现有中国废旧手机处理处置流程中，以拆解作坊主导的零部件/元器件再使用流程因为的零部件/元器件的再使用避免了生产过程负的环境效益，因而环境表现优于资质企业主导的材料再生流程。但是拆解作坊的废旧手机材料再生过程与零部件/元器件再使用活动仍处于管理的灰色地带，相应的环境风险需要予以足够的关注和重视。 （5）构建了产品/物质流、价值/利润流与激励/补贴流的整合模型，系统分析了手机生命周期关键环节，凝练了手机生命周期管理中的关键问题，并提出了针对性的管理对策。 本文通过应用生命周期管理理念，丰富了中国废旧手机环境管理的基础数据，建立了手机生命周期过程的整合模型，对促进中国废旧手机可持续管理具有一定的科学价值和现实意义。 |
| 英文摘要 | The mobile phone has become the most ubiquitous electronic product as the irreplaceable device to realize the function of mobile communication. Due to the rapid development of economy and largest population, production and consumption of mobile phone in China are both the largest around the world. Meanwhile, the rapid technology innovation with better functions and models impelled the customers to change mobile phones more and more frequently, which leads to the short lifetime of mobile phones and rapid generation of retired mobile phones. The retired mobile phone is a kind of typical small WEEE with the characteristics such as big amount, small volume, high reuse/recovery value and low take-back rate. Moreover, its complex composition poses a potential negative effect on environment and human health, if not treated properly in its End-of-Life. Consequently, the huge amount of retired mobile phones calls for a sustainable management system. Retired mobile phones has potential environmental impacts on soil, water and air quality, as well as human health within its entire life cycle stages （i.e., from generation, collection, transportation, recycling to final disposal）. Accordingly, it is essential to implement an integrated management of retired mobile phones from the life cycle point of view. In order to identify the life cycle of retired mobile phones,and to construct the sustainable management system for retired mobile phones in China, the following scientific issues are conducted in this study. （1）The administrative system and research status for retired mobile phones in different countries and regions around the world were compared to explore the experience and improvement potential for the sustainable management system . In China, the existing administrative system of retired mobile phones is cross-distributed in different government agencies. Comparing with the developed countries, it still lacks the life cycle management system of retired mobile phone in China. （2）The consumption behavior of mobile phones in China were analyzed to discover its influence on the generation and collection of retired mobile phones. Through the interviews with the stockholders in each life cycle stage of mobile phones, the understanding of the retired mobile phone treatment industry chain is also analyzed. The results show that, the sales amount of smuggled and counterfeit mobile phones are huge in China, which can not be neglected. The consumers replace their mobile phones frequently and most of the retired mobile phones are stockpiled for the incentives of the take-back activities are not attractive enough. Moreover, the awareness of gratuitous take-back and extended producer responsibility are relatively low, which indicate the publicity about the environmental issues of retired mobile phones needs to be improved in China. In addition, the consumers have no preference in the various mode to take-back retired mobile phones, but the expected price for retired mobile phones are too expensive for the collectors, which is the other reason for the high stockpiled rate and show the importance of the incentives for retired mobile phones take-back. （3）The methodologies and applications of the generation estimation methods of WEEE were analyzed, and the data requirement and appropriate application condition of each method were also identified. Then the selection strategy was proposed to provide authentic estimations and sustainable management of WEEE. The generation amount of retired mobile phones in China was estimated by proper methods followed the above selection strategy, the temporal and spatial variation of retired mobile phones generation in China were then identified. The results show that, in 2013, there are 799.46 million mobile phones retired in China with the Sales and New model, in which more than half are generated in the eastern region with the prosperous economy and larger population. The typical models of retired mobile phones in various periods were chosen to quantitate the unit weight, composition of components and materials, the recycling potential and material flows. The results show that, the retired mobile phones is huge in potential recoverable resource in China because of the large generation amount and high resource abundance. There is 36.6 thousand tons of recyclable resource in the retired mobile phones in China in 2013, in which 64.29% and 22.34% are stockpiled and reused as whole unit, respectively. Additionally, 6.45% and 3.23% of the retired mobile phones are flowed to the material recycling and disposal process, while 1.31% are reused as components. （4）The current procedures from recycling to final disposal of retired mobile phones in China were analyzed with the life cycle assessment tools. The results show that, the components reuse scenario, which is common in the disassembly workshops, performance better than the materials recycling/recovery scenario, which is common in the certified enterprises. However, the materials recycling and components reuse activities in the disassembly workshops are still in the dead zone of the managementsystem, which need more attention and guidance. （5）The life cycle integration framework of retired mobile phones （which was integrated by product/material flow, value/profit flow and incentive/subsidy flow）was constructed. And then the key links and problems in each phases of the life cycle of mobile phones were discussed, and the targeted countermeasures were proposed. With the life cycle thinking of waste management, this study established the life cycle integration framework of retired mobile phones, provided the environmental management data of retired mobile phones, analyzed the key links and problems in the life cycle of retired mobile phones and proposes the targeted countermeasures.The study will provide basic scientific information and practical significance for sustainable management of retired mobile phones in China. |
| 源URL | [http://ir.rcees.ac.cn/handle/311016/34335]  |
| 专题 | 生态环境研究中心_城市与区域生态国家重点实验室 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 李博. 中国废旧手机生命周期分析与管理对策研究[D]. 北京. 中国科学院研究生院. 2015. |
入库方式： OAI收割
来源：生态环境研究中心
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