社区尺度绿色基础设施雨洪消减利用模拟与效益评价
文献类型：学位论文
| 作者 | 刘文 |
| 学位类别 | 博士 |
| 答辩日期 | 2015-05 |
| 授予单位 | 中国科学院研究生院 |
| 授予地点 | 北京 |
| 导师 | 陈卫平 |
| 关键词 | 绿色基础设施，暴雨径流，消减效率，雨水可利用潜力，成本效益分析，green infrastructure, stormwater runoff, reduction effectiveness, rainwater availability potential, cost-benefit analysis |
| 其他题名 | Assessing the Influences and Benefits of Green Infrastructures on Stormwater Reduction and Utilization at Community Scale |
| 学位专业 | 生态学 |
| 中文摘要 | 随着城市化的发展，土地利用和覆盖的变化改变了城市下垫面条件，破坏了原有的自然水文循环过程。不透水地表阻碍了降雨入渗，加快了汇流过程，导致暴雨径流总量和峰值流速增加，引起城市地区内涝和管网溢流事件频繁发生。同时随着城市人口的增加和经济发展，城市区域水资源的供需矛盾日益加剧。如何有效控制和解决城市地区的内涝和缺水问题，关系到城市居民的健康安全以及可持续发展，成为城市规划和管理者面临的重要挑战。绿色基础设施和低影响开发作为新兴的雨洪消减和利用管理策略，其利用自然和生态的措施模拟和恢复自然水文过程，可以有效缓解城市内涝和实现雨水资源的收集利用。本研究基于水量平衡和城市水文过程，开发了社区尺度绿色基础设施暴雨径流消减模拟的模型，模拟比较了绿色基础设施配置和设施规模大小对暴雨径流消减效果的影响，评价了北京城区雨水可利用潜力，分析了绿色基础设施雨洪消减利用的成本和效益。主要研究结果如下： (1) 基于水量平衡，耦合城市水文循环过程和绿色基础设施径流调控机制，构建了社区尺度绿色基础设施暴雨径流消减模型。模型综合了产流计算的准确性和参数的简化，注重了模型的可操作性和实用性，更方便城市规划和管理者对模型的理解和操作应用。利用野外监测的北京某典型社区一汇水区的降雨径流数据对模型做了验证，验证的结果显示良好，表明模型是可靠的。模型参数敏感性分析表明透水面积比例和土壤水力性质参数是影响暴雨径流产生的重要参数。对降雨径流过程的水量平衡分析得出不透水地表对社区总的暴雨径流贡献最大。 (2) 以北京市一典型小区为例，模拟研究了4个暴雨重现期下5种绿色基础设施情景对社区暴雨径流流量和峰值的消减效率。与无绿色基础设施配置的基本情景相比，从1年、2年、5年到10年的暴雨重现期下，增加绿地面积的情景下暴雨径流量减少11.77%~6.67%，径流峰值减少2.79%~0.65%；绿地下凹式改造情景下暴雨径流量和峰值分别减少5.28%~16.00%和24.15%~28.63%；修建雨水调蓄池情景下暴雨径流量减少96.97%~21.76%，径流峰值减少96.64%~0%；路面透水铺装情景下暴雨径流量减少46.18%~42.00%，径流峰值减37.93%~35.68%；综合措施(包含以上4种单一措施)情景下暴雨径流量和径流峰值分别减少100%~85.58%和100%~93.12%。研究结果表明单个设施的径流消减效果较好，但是消减作用有限，效果单一；综合绿色基础设施配置不仅具有良好的径流消减效果，而且可以实现雨水下渗和收集利用的环境经济效益，是社区消减雨洪和雨水资源利用的最优实践措施之一。 (3) 对5年一遇的暴雨条件下绿色基础设施规模大小对暴雨径流消减效果的 社区尺度绿色基础设施雨洪消减利用模拟与效益评价 IV 影响研究表明：随着设施规模的增加，4种类型的绿色基础设施都可以有效地消减暴雨径流，但是单个设施除了调蓄池不能完全控制5年一遇的暴雨。在综合的绿色基础设施情景下，透水面积比例增加到50%，或者调蓄池体积增加到1800 m3，都可以100%的消减5年一遇暴雨的径流；绿地改造成下凹深度4 cm，或者50%的不透水地表用单位面积储水能力为8 mm的透水砖铺装改造，最大能够消减95%的5年一遇暴雨径流。总的来说，单一情景下，设施消减能力有限，高的消减效率需要大的设施规模来实现或难以实现。综合情景下，小规模的设施配置可以实现高的径流消减效率。组合合理规模的绿色基础设施是社区暴雨径流管理的最优控制策略。 (4) 利用10分钟步长的降雨数据和水量平衡耦合城市水文循环过程的方法，评价了北京城区不同下垫面的雨水可利用潜力(RAP)。估算的2013年总的雨水可利用潜力为1.54亿m3，这相当于五环内居民年生活用水量的64.33%。大约53%的雨水可以有效地收集利用，其中屋顶的雨水可利用比率最大，达到70%，而且贡献了约一半的总RAP。屋顶雨水收集设施的存储能力需达到43.6 L/m2来收集90%的屋顶可利用雨水。通过渗透设施补充地下水可间接地利用雨水，下凹式绿地和透水砖铺装能够分别增加18.89% 和55.69%的雨水入渗到土壤。降雨量和降雨强度对雨水可利用潜力的影响较大，需要多年短时间步长的降雨数据提高雨潜力估算的准确性。 (5) 利用开发的模型和2013年降雨数据，结合文献资料数据，计算不同绿色基础设施雨洪消减利用的成本和效益，比较各个设施的成本效益指数特征。结果显示：社区绿色基础设施雨洪消减利用的年总效益为2.74 万元~13.14 万元，每立方米雨水效益为3.69 元~8.34 元之间，绿色基础设施雨洪消减利用的综合效益比较显著，具有较高的经济效益，但是生态效益和社会效益相对较少。然而，绿色基础设施雨洪消减利用的成本较高，调蓄池单位雨水成本为3.95 元，透水砖铺装和综合设施的单位雨水成本分别达到27.57 元和20.56 元。调蓄池的年效益与年成本比值为1.64，其它3种设施的比值在0.13~0.41之间，表明多数的雨洪消减利用工程投资回报效益低于成本。因此，政府应当运用收费、补贴、奖励和罚款等经济手段，培育并开拓雨水利用市场，提高落实雨洪消减利用措施的积极性。 |
| 英文摘要 | With the increase of urbanization, the underlying surface conditions have been changed by land use and cover change, which destroyed the original and natural hydrological cycle. Impervious surface hinders the rainfall infiltration, and accelerate the flow concentration process, resulting in the total amount and peak flow rate of stormwater runoff increases, causing water logging and pipe network overflow events frequently occurred in urban areas. Simultaneously with the increase in urban population and economy development, the contradiction of water resource supply and demand in urban areas is increasingly intensified. How to effectively control and resolve water logging and water scarcity problems in urban area concerns residents’ health and safety as well as the sustainable development of cities. It has become an important challenge the urban planners and managers faced. Green infrastructure and low impact development as new management strategies for stormwater reduction and utilization, which using natural and ecological measures to simulate and restore natural hydrological processes, that can effectively alleviate the urban water logging and implementation of rainwater collection and utilization. In this study, a community scale simulation model based on water balance and urban hydrological processes is developed to quantify the reduced effects of green infrastructures on stormwater runoff. The influences of green infrastructure configuration and setting sizes on stormwater runoff reduction effectiveness were simulated and compared, the rainwater availability potential of the Beijing urban area was evaluated, and the costs and benefits of green infrastructure on stormwater reduction and utilization were analyzed. The main results are as follows: (1) The community scale green infrastructure stormwater runoff reduction model has been developed based on water mass balance, and coupling urban hydrology process and the mechanism of stormwater runoff reduction of green infrastructure. It combines the accuracy and simplified parameters of the runoff generation calculation, and focusing on the operational and practical of the model, which is more convenient for urban planners and managers to understand and operate the model. The model was validated with field rainfall-runoff data from a catchment area of a typical community in Beijing. The model was proved to be accurate in estimating stormwater runoff, indicated that the model simulation was satisfied and reliable. The results of parameter sensitivity analysis indicated that the pervious area percentage and soil hydraulic properties were key parameters influencing stormwater runoff generation. The water mass balance analysis of the rainfall runoff process showed that the impervious surface has the most contribution to stormwater runoff of the community. (2) A typical community in Beijing was simulated as a case study to assess the reduction effectiveness of five green infrastructures configuration scenarios on community’s stormwater runoff volume and peak flow under four recurrent period storms. Compared with the base scenario which has no green infrastructure configuration, under 1-year, 2-year, 5-year and 10-year storm events, when the green space area increased from 30% to 40%, runoff volume was reduced by 11.77%~6.67%, and the peak flow was reduced by 2.79%~0.65%. Under the 5-cm depth concave green space scenario, runoff volume was reduced by 5.28%~16.00% and the peak flow was reduced by 24.15%~28.63%. With a 1500 m3 storage pond scenario, runoff volume was reduced by 96.97%~21.76%, and the peak flow was reduced by 96.64%~0%. Under the 50% of impervious area was modified porous pavement scenario, runoff volume was reduced by 46.18%~42.00%, and the peak flow was reduced by 37.93%~35.68%. The integrated green infrastructures configuration scenario has well reduction percentage, the runoff volume reduction ranged from 100% to 85.58%, and the peak flow reduced 100%~93.12% respectively. The results indicated that the single facilities have good runoff reduction effects, but the reduction effectivenesses are limited, and the benefit is single; the comprehensive green infrastructure configuration not only has good runoff reduction effectiveness, and can achieve environmental and economic benefits of rainwater infiltration and harvesting, it is one of best practical measures of stormwater reduction and rainwater resource utilization of the community. (3) The effects of various setting sizes of green infrastructures on stormwater runoff under 5-year storm indicated that: The four types of green infrastructures were effective in reducing stormwater runoff, but single facility except the storage pond could not fully control runoff of 5-year recurrence storm. With integrated green infrastructures, runoff of 5-year recurrence storm could be 100% reduced by expanding the pervious area percentage to over 50%, or increase storage pond volume to over 1800 m3, whereas a maximum runoff reduction of 95% could be achieved when the green land was reformed to concave with a depth of 4 cm, or 50% of the impervious area was replaced with porous brick pavement with a storage capacity of 8 mm. In general, under the single scenarios, the reduction capacities of facilities are limited, higher reduction effectiveness required facilities with larger setting sizes to achieve or difficult to achieve. Under the integrated scenario, smaller setting sizes configuration can achieve high runoff reduction efficiencies. The combination of green infrastructures with proper setting sizes is necessary for optimal control of stormwater runoff management in communities. (4) The 10-minute interval rainfall data and the water mass balance method coupling urban hydrological processes were used to assess the annual rainwater availability potential (RAP) of different underlying surfaces in the urban areas of Beijing. The estimated total RAP was 154.49 million m3 in 2013, which is equivalent to 64.33% of annual domestic water consumption of residents in the study area. About 53% of rainwater could be effectively harvested for use, among which the rooftops had the highest harvesting ratio of 70%, and contributed about half of the total RAP. The storage capacity should be more than 43.6 L/m2 for collecting 90% of the RAP from rooftops. Indirect use of rainwater can be achieved through recharging groundwater by infiltration facilities, of which the concave green land and porous brick pavement can increase 18.89% and 55.69% of rainfall infiltrated into soil, respectively. Rainfall amount and intensity has large influences on RAP, the rainfall data with long-record lengths and small-time intervals is needed to improve the accuracy of RAP prediction. (5) Using the developed model and 2013 rainfall data, and combined with literature data, we calculate the costs and benefits of different green infrastructures on stormwater reduction and utilization, and compare the cost-benefit index features of various facilities. The results showed that: The total annual benefits of stormwater reduction and utilization by green infrastructures of the community are ranged from 27.4 to 131.4 thousand yuan, and the benefits of per cubic meter rainwater are ranged from 3.69 to 8.34 yuan, indicated that the comprehensive benefits of per cubic meter rainwater from stormwater reduction and utilization by green infrastructures are relatively remarkable, and it has higher economic benefits, the ecological and social benefits are relatively smaller. However, stormwater reduction and utilization of green infrastructure has higher costs, the cost of per cubic meter rainwater by storage pond is 3.95 yuan, and the unit costs of porous brick pavement and integrated facilities are respectively reached to 27.57 yuan and 20.56 yuan. The ratio of annual benefits to annual costs of storage pond is 1.64, and the ratios of the other three facilities are ranged from 0.13 to 0.41, indicated that the required benefits of stormwater reduction and utilization project investment are lower than their costs in most cases. Therefore, the government should use some economic measures, such as fees, subsidies, incentives and penalties, to nurture and develop the rainwater utilization market, and improve the initiatives of implementing stormwater reduction and utilization facilities. |
| 源URL | [http://ir.rcees.ac.cn/handle/311016/34349]  |
| 专题 | 生态环境研究中心_城市与区域生态国家重点实验室 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 刘文. 社区尺度绿色基础设施雨洪消减利用模拟与效益评价[D]. 北京. 中国科学院研究生院. 2015. |
入库方式： OAI收割
来源：生态环境研究中心
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