中国翼手目六个类群的比较分子细胞遗传学研究
文献类型：学位论文
| 作者 | 毛秀光 |
| 学位类别 | 硕士 |
| 答辩日期 | 2007-06 |
| 授予单位 | 中国科学院研究生院 |
| 授予地点 | 北京 |
| 导师 | 杨凤堂 |
| 关键词 | 翼手目 染色体涂色 核型进化 染色体同源图谱 染色体重排 |
| 其他题名 | Comparative molecular cytogenetic studies of six bat families in China |
| 学位专业 | 细胞生物学 |
| 中文摘要 | 翼手类(Order Chiroptera)是哺乳动物中最为神秘的类群之一。它们也是哺乳动物中唯一真正具有空中飞翔能力的动物，而且多数物种还具有回声定位功能。翼手目分布十分广泛，除南极洲之外全球几乎任何地方都有分布，其数量约占整个哺乳动物种类的20％。然而，有关该类群的许多系统发育假说仍存有争议，至今其进化历史还不是很清楚，并且形态和分子研究所得出的结论经常不一致。近年来分子细胞遗传学的发展,特别是比较染色体涂色及其相关技术的应用，使人们可以快速、准确地鉴定种间的同源染色体（或同源染色体片段）。根据构建的染色体同源图谱及外群比较可确定一些细胞遗传学特征，并将其用于系统发育研究。虽然比较染色体涂色技术已广泛应用在哺乳动物的核型进化和系统发育研究中，但是在翼手目中却相当滞后。到目前为止，仅有少数蝙蝠物种有染色体涂色数据。 本研究分别利用三叶小蹄蝠（蹄蝠科）、大鼠耳蝠（蝙蝠科）及人的染色体特异性涂色探针，通过种间染色体涂色，首次比较系统的构建了狐蝠科（3种）、菊头蝠科（6种）、蹄蝠科（4种）、假吸血蝠科（1种）、鞘尾蝠科（1种）和犬吻蝠科（2种）共6个科17种蝙蝠间的染色体同源图谱，并将它们与已发表的染色体图谱进行整合。我们的结果不仅揭示了这些物种间的核型进化关系及其核型进化的主要机制，而且加深了我们对整个翼手目系统发育关系的认识。研究结果表明： 1） 长舌果蝠亚科和狐蝠亚科的果蝠部分物种的核型（2n = 36）可能代表了整个狐蝠科的祖先形式，而狐蝠亚科的犬蝠部分物种的核型属于衍生形式。2） 整臂保守性广泛存在于菊头蝠属物种的核型进化中，罗伯逊易位是其核型进化的主要方式。此外，整臂的相互易位也可能在其中起一定的作用。 3） 蹄蝠科核型进化的主要机制为罗伯逊易位和臂内倒位。而臂内倒位和异染色质扩增在蹄蝠属的物种形成中可能起了非常重要的作用。 4） 与蹄蝠属相比，三叶蹄蝠属物种的核型中可能包含更多的祖先染色体或染色体片段；中蹄蝠与大蹄蝠具有较近的亲缘关系；与中蹄蝠和大蹄蝠相比，小蹄蝠的核型较为原始。 5） 犬吻蝠科内来自不同属但具有相同二倍染色体数目的物种间核型非常保守；该科物种核型间的差异主要是由倒位和异染色质的分布引起的。 6） 菊头蝠超科的菊头蝠科、蹄蝠科和假吸血蝠科具有较近的亲缘关系，并且它们与大蝙蝠亚目的狐蝠科共有一些细胞遗传学特征，进一步支持了小蝙蝠亚目双系起源的观点。 |
| 英文摘要 | Chiroptera is one of most enigmatic groups of mammals. Bats are the only mammals that have achieved true self-powered flight and most of the species also have the ability of echolocation. They are widely distributed throughout the globe except for the Antarctica, making up more than 20% of extant mammals. However, the evolutionary history of this order has been obscured by controversial phylogenetic hypotheses. Conclusions from morphological data and molecular data are often inconsistent. Recent developments in molecular cytogenetics, especially the use of comparative chromosome painting have enabled the identification of genome-wide homologies among different species with high accuracy and efficiency. Based on the comparative chromosome maps, some cytogenetic characters can be defined and used in the phylogenetic studies by outgroup comparison. Although chromosome painting has been widely used in the karyotypic evolution and phylogenetic studies of many mammalian groups, it has been applied to only a few bat species so far. In this study we have constructed comparative chromosomal maps between 3 species in Pteropodidae, 6 species in Rhinolophidae, 4 species in Hipposideridae, one species in Megadermatidae, one species in Emballonuridae and two species in Molossidae, all together 6 families and 17 species, by using a whole set of chromosome-specific painting probes from Aselliscus stoliczkanus( Hipposideridae), Myotis myotis (Vespertilionidae) and human respectively. Our FISH results together with the previous established comparative maps not only elucidate the karyotypic relationships among these species and the mechanism of karyotypic evolution, but also improve our understanding about the phylogeny of Chiroptera. Our results suggest that:1）The karyotype (2n = 36) of subfamily Macroglossinae and the rousettine section of the subfamily Pteropodinae may be considered as ancestral for the whole family, Pteropodidae and that of cynopterine section of subfamily Pteropodinae more derived. 2）There is a wide occurrence of chromosomal arm conservation in Rhinolophus and Robertsonian translocations account for their karyotypic differences. In addition, whole-arm reciprocal translocations have also played a great role in the karyotypic evolution of Rhinolophus. 3）The main mechanisms of karyotypic evolution in Hipposideridae are Robertsonian translocations and paracentric inversions. Subsequently paracentric inversions and heterochromatic additions played a great role during the speciation of Hipposideros species. 4）The karyotype of Aselliscus may contain more ancestral chromosomes or chromosomal segments than that of Hipposideros. H. larvatus and H. armiger are closely related and the karyotype of H. pomona may be more primitive than that of H. larvatus and H. armiger. 5）The karyotypes with the same diploid chromosome number but from different genera of Molossidae are highly conserved. The main differences between them are inversions and the distributions of heterochromatin. 6）The three families of superfamily Rhinolophoidea - Rhinolophidae, Hipposideridae and Megadermatidae - are closely related. In addition they share some common cytogenetic signatures with Pteropodidae (megachiroptera), thus supporting the paraphyly of microchiroptera. |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 公开日期 | 2010-10-14 |
| 源URL | [http://159.226.149.42:8088/handle/152453/6118]  |
| 专题 | 昆明动物研究所_其他 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 毛秀光. 中国翼手目六个类群的比较分子细胞遗传学研究[D]. 北京. 中国科学院研究生院. 2007. |
入库方式： OAI收割
来源：昆明动物研究所
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