中国科学院机构知识库网格
Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid
线粒体 DNA 相关疾病的系统发育学研究

文献类型:学位论文

作者王成业
学位类别博士
答辩日期2008-06
授予单位中国科学院研究生院
授予地点北京
导师张亚平
关键词线粒体DNA 相关疾病 系统发育 单倍型 数据质量 群体分层
其他题名Phylogenetic study of mitochondrial DNA related diseases
学位专业动物学
中文摘要线粒体是细胞内提供能量的细胞器,并负责调节细胞的程序化死亡。因遗传缺陷引起的线粒体功能障碍会导致ATP合成障碍、能量产生不足而出现一系列病症。线粒体DNA相关疾病目前日益受到广泛的关注,然而在线粒体DNA相关疾病领域常用的病例对照法容易受到遗传背景、群体分层、数据质量等方面因素的影响以致经常得到假阳性结果。系统发育分析方法有助于解决这些方面的问题,因此我们以此分析方法开展了如下工作: 首先我们对线粒体DNA C1494T突变及其所属单倍型类群和氨基糖苷类药物性耳聋之间的关联进行了研究。之前有研究报道了两个中国氨基糖苷类药物性耳聋的家系,经过对先征者的线粒体DNA全序列测定在这两个家系中都发现了C1494T突变。我们采用系统发育方法分析这两个家系先征者的全序列后,发现这两个个体都属于线粒体单倍型A。巧合的是,在我们之前的研究中,在一个来自武汉的汉族样本WH6980中也有C1494T突变,而且该个体同样也属于单倍型类群A。这不由得使人想到:C1494T突变可能是单倍型类群A中一个分支的界定位点,或者,受母系遗传背景的影响,该突变偏好于在A类群中发生。那么很有可能单倍型类群A对能够引发氨基糖苷类药物性耳聋的C1494T突变的发生有促进作用。 为了验证这个假设,我们从三个省份随机选取了553个正常个体来检测C1494T突变,以调查该突变在普通人群中的发生频率。另外,我们从1823个中国人样本中筛选出属于单倍型类群A的111个体,在这111个个体中检测C1494T突变,以调查该突变是否为单倍型类群A特有的变异位点。我们的结果表明:在553个随机样本群中没有检测到C1494T突变,这说明该突变是一个稀有的突变,在正常人群中发生的频率极低。另外,在111个属于单倍型类群A的样本群中,我们也没有检测到C1494T突变的存在,这说明该突变并非单倍型类群A特有的变异位点。经过对带有C1494T突变的全序列进行综合的系统发育学分析表明,这三条序列的C1494T突变应是来源于同一次突变事件。同时,根据序列之间共享变异位点的状况推断,两个耳聋家系具有很近的母系亲缘关系,我们推测这两个家系的C1494T突变是来源于一位共同的近期母系祖先。综合这些结果表明,C1494T突变的发生与单倍型类群即母系遗传背景没有相关性,是属于在人群中频率极低的散发性突变。 我们又将系统发育分析的方法应用于肿瘤相关的线粒体DNA突变的研究中。线粒体在细胞的自由基产生以及细胞凋亡中扮演重要角色;有研究报道线粒体功能的缺陷能导致癌症的发生,同时又有很多报道指出癌变组织的线粒体基因组存在异常。为探讨癌组织中线粒体基因组的变异情况及其在癌症的发生和发展中所扮演的角色,我们选取乳腺癌早期患者为研究对象。 近年来,有大量的研究都报导了在癌组织中存在高频率高密度的线粒体DNA体细胞突变,并认为这些突变在肿瘤发生过程中可能具有功能相关性。但这些研究存在着不可回避的问题,总结来讲归为三个方面:①数据质量差:很多前面报道的突变数据,经系统发育分析,发现存在不少因样本交叉污染所造成的假阳性突变。②所测片断太短。大多数研究只是检测了D-loop区,只占了整个基因组的约十六分之一,很难全面反映问题。③对照设置有问题,许多研究进行简单的case-control分析,忽略了不同个体间母系遗传背景的差异,导致大量假阳性突变的产生。 针对以上问题的存在,我们基于系统发育分析的方法在中国的乳腺癌病人中开展了一项研究。分别取得10例乳腺癌早期患者的癌组织、癌旁组织、以及远端正常组织;提取了总DNA,对每一份组织样品进行线粒体全基因组测序。这样做有两个研究目的:第一是调查在严格的质量控制手段下,排除交叉污染所造成的假阳性突变后,在癌症病人中是否仍然能观察到高频率高密度的线粒体DNA体细胞突变。第二个目的是调查中国乳腺癌患者线粒体DNA体细胞突变情况,为乳腺癌早期诊断提供有效的信息。 为了避免过去部分研究中出现的问题,我们采取了相应的措施。首先是在严格的质量控制下,我们对同一个病人的三种不同组织,即癌组织,癌旁组织,正常组织中的线粒体基因组进行全序列测定的方式来检测体细胞突变。同时将所测得线粒体全基因组序列进行系统发育的分析;结果表明属于同一个病人的不同组织都能忠实的聚到一支,而且每一条全序列都完整的带有所属单倍型特有的界定位点,不存在任何样本交叉或者污染的情况;这样进一步确证了我们数据的可靠性。同时经过这样的比较,可以非常清晰的筛选出在某一种组织类型中所发生的体细胞突变。 来自10例病人的癌组织,癌旁组织和正常组织的29条(7#患者远端正常组织没有得到)线粒体基因组全序列中,我们只检测到了两个体细胞突变(T2275C和A8601G)。这两个突变经PCR克隆试验的验证,在远端正常组织中均不存在,是真实的体细胞突变。突变A8601G同时出现在3#患者的癌组织和癌旁组织中;提示线粒体DNA的体细胞突变可能先于细胞的癌变,这可能对乳腺癌的早期临床诊断具有一定的意义。突变T2275C只出现在6#患者的癌组织中,该突变位于16S rRNA基因非常保守的位点上,我们对该突变位点潜在的生物学作用作了进一步的讨论。 在我们研究的病例中体细胞突变的比率要远远低于先前的报道;造成差异的主要原因可能是因为我们采取了严格的质量控制手段。综合我们的研究结果表明,先前所报道的乳腺癌组织中的线粒体基因体细胞突变的频率存在被高估的现象。目前线粒体突变与肿瘤发生的关系还有待于更深入的研究,同时我们呼吁本领域的研究要加强数据质量的可靠性。我们的研究表明,系统发育的分析方法在线粒体DNA相关疾病的研究中是有效的,因此我们推荐在线粒体DNA相关疾病的研究中进行推广。
英文摘要Mitochondrion plays important roles in cellular energy metabolism, free radical generation and apoptosis. Dysfunction of mitochondrion would result in an obstacle to ATP synthesis and then lead to a series of clinical symptom because of the energy deficiency. The genetic defects of mitochondrial DNA could lead to the dysfunctions and the mitochondrial DNA related disease currently received an increasing concern. However, the case-control design commonly adopted in this field is vulnerable to genetic background, population stratification and poor data quality. Phylogenetic analysis could help solve these problems, but it has not received adequate attention. So we performed the following studies by using the phylogenetic analysis. Firstly, we investigated the relationship between mtDNA C1494T mutation and aminoglycoside-induced and nonsyndromic hearing loss (AINHL). Mutation C1494T in mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene was recently reported in two large Chinese families with aminoglycoside-induced and nonsyndromic hearing loss (AINHL) and was claimed to be pathogenic. This mutation, however, was first reported in a sample from central China in our previous study that was aimed to reconstruct East Asian mtDNA phylogeny. All these three mtDNAs formed a subclade defined by mutation C1494T in mtDNA haplogroup A. It thus seems that mutation C1494T is a haplogroup A-associated mutation and this matrilineal background may contribute a high risk for the penetrance of mutation C1494T in Chinese with AINHL. To test this hypothesis, we first genotyped mutation C1494T in 553 unrelated individuals from three regional Chinese populations and performed an extensive search for published complete or near-complete mtDNA data sets (>3000 mtDNAs), we then screened the C1494T mutation in 111 mtDNAs with haplogroup A status that were identified from 1823 subjects across China. The search for published mtDNA data sets revealed no other mtDNA besides the above-mentioned three carrying mutation C1494T. None of the 553 randomly selected individuals and the 111 haplogroup A mtDNAs was found to bear this mutation. Therefore, our results suggest that C1494T is a very rare event. The mtDNA haplogroup A background in general is unlikely to play an active role in the penetrance of mutation C1494T in AINHL. Furthermore, we extended our study into tumor related mtDNA mutation. The role of mitochondrial dysfunction in tumorigenesis has been a subject of great interest. Although mitochondrial DNA mutations are found in various tumors recently, the question of whether such mutations contribute to the promotion of carcinoma remains unsolved. Here we performed a study on the mitochondrial DNA mutations in breast cancer. The complete mitochondrial genomes of the primary cancerous, matched paracancerous normal and distant normal tissues from 10 early-stage breast cancer patients were analyzed, with special attempts (i) to investigate whether the reported high frequency of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) somatic mutations in breast cancer could be repeated under a stringent data quality control, and (ii) to characterize the spectrum of mtDNA somatic mutations in Chinese breast cancer patients and evaluate their potential significance in early cancer diagnosis. Two heteroplasmic somatic mutations (T2275C and A8601G) were identified in our samples. The transition A8601G was present in the primary cancerous and paracancerous normal tissues from patient no.3. Transition T2275C was found in the primary cancerous tissue but not in other normal tissues from patient no. 6; this transition has been reported in the colonic crypts and is located at a highly conserved site in the 16S rRNA gene. Subsequent cloning sequencing confirmed the absence of both mutations in the distant normal tissues from the 2 patients. The overall rate of somatic mutations in our patients was much lower than those of previous studies of breast cancer. Our results gave support to the recent claim that the high frequency of mtDNA somatic mutations in cancer studies is overestimated. Based on the mtDNA mutation pattern in early stage breast cancer observed in this study, we cautioned the enthusiasms and efforts to look for somatic mutations that were of diagnostic value in cancer early detection. Finally, we recommend that the phylogenetic approach should be used in mitochondrial DNA related studies more deeply and widely.
语种中文
公开日期2010-10-14
源URL[http://159.226.149.42:8088/handle/152453/6098]  
专题昆明动物研究所_分子进化基因组学
推荐引用方式
GB/T 7714
王成业. 线粒体 DNA 相关疾病的系统发育学研究[D]. 北京. 中国科学院研究生院. 2008.

入库方式: OAI收割

来源:昆明动物研究所

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