云南大山包黑颈鹤(Grus nigricollis)越冬行为和保护研究
文献类型：学位论文
| 作者 | 孔德军 |
| 学位类别 | 硕士 |
| 答辩日期 | 2008-06 |
| 授予单位 | 中国科学院研究生院 |
| 授予地点 | 北京 |
| 导师 | 杨晓君 |
| 关键词 | 大山包 黑颈鹤 越冬行为 栖息地利用 保护 |
| 其他题名 | Studies on wintering behavior and conservation of Black-necked Cranes Grus nigricollis at Dashanbao, Yunnan, China |
| 学位专业 | 动物学 |
| 中文摘要 | 从2006年10月24日至2007年4月9日，采用固定样线法和瞬时扫描法，对在大山包国家级自然保护区（N27°18′38″～27°29′15″，E103°14′55″～103°23′49″）内越冬的黑颈鹤种群进行了越冬行为、日间活动节律和越冬栖息地利用的详细调查，同时对黑颈鹤的春季迁徙行为和冬季黑颈鹤的死亡现象进行了观察和分析。这些研究有助于我们了解黑颈鹤是采取何种行为模式和栖息地利用模式来适应高海拔、低温度的环境，同时对如何有效地保护越冬黑颈鹤和合理规划保护区功能区域有重要的指导作用。 将黑颈鹤的越冬行为分为：取食（Feeding）、搜寻（Searching）、警戒（Vigilance）、争斗（Fight）、行走（Walk）、飞行（Flight）、休整（Maintenance）和其它（Others）八种，越冬期间最主要的行为是取食（53.05±4.93）％，其它行为依次为：搜寻（10.38±1.34）％、警戒（18.75±2.65）%、休整（10.32±4.93）％、行走（4.90±1.59）％、飞行（1.70±0.38）％、争斗（0.36±0.25）％、其它（0.55±0.41）％。单因素方差分析（One-Way ANOVA）分析表明越冬期间黑颈鹤日间各时间段（1h）和各月份间行为差异极显著（P<0.05），并呈现出规律的变化。黑颈鹤的取食、警戒、搜寻行为具明显的早（10:00-11:00）、晚（17:00-18:00）两个活动高峰，中午13:00~14:00最低；而休整行为正好相反，呈现出中午高峰、上午和下午低谷的趋势；另外几种行为节律性表现不明显。黑颈鹤越冬期主要行为的节律变化是受环境温度变化影响的，温度高时黑颈鹤增加了修整时间减少了取食时间，而温度低时则减少了修整时间增加了取食时间以维持能量需求，湿度是通过温度对黑颈鹤产生影响的。每天黑颈鹤都随着太阳的升起开始觉醒，于07:18±0:15飞离夜栖地，大雾的天气影响了黑颈鹤的外出觅食，与之相适应的是黑颈鹤相应的推迟了出飞时间。黑颈鹤所采取的所有行为都表现出了对大山包特殊环境的适应。 在大山包黑颈鹤所利用的栖息共有耕地（farmland）、草地（grassland）、沼泽（marsh）和浅水水域（water area）四类。选择指数分析表明黑颈鹤对水域有极大的偏好，其次为沼泽湿地，再次为耕地，而对草地表现为负选择，并且在越冬期间的各月份之间，对不同栖息利用比率保持一致。这提示我们在进行保护区规划的时候应该适当增加前三种栖息地的面积以满足黑颈鹤的越冬需求。主成份因子分析表明黑颈鹤倾向于选择距夜栖地和水源较近、人流较少、干扰较小、无坡或缓坡的低海拔栖息地。处于不同越冬地的越冬黑颈鹤根据当地的实际情况采取不同的栖息地利用，说明黑颈鹤具有较强的环境适应能力。 调查期间记录到了三只带有彩环的黑颈鹤个体，其中有两只佩戴有卫星发射器，发射器编号分别为64309和64311。大山包黑颈鹤种群数量变动的春季和秋季高峰是由于处于不同越冬地的黑颈鹤迁徙造成的，同时也说明了大山包是在滇东北和黔西北越冬的黑颈鹤的集散地。黑颈鹤的春季迁徙一般集中在3月下旬至4月上旬，在晴朗、微风的上午10:00-11:00迁徙的黑颈鹤数量最多，说明了天气条件对黑颈鹤迁徙的重要性。 大山包保护区内的高压输电电线和通信电缆对越冬黑颈鹤构成了极大的威胁。观察期间共有7只黑颈鹤因撞上输电电线而死亡，除去一只没有外伤的成体之外，成幼比例为1:1，大都发生在天气较为恶劣的12月-2月之间。发生撞死黑颈鹤的时候保护区内都有不同程度的大雾笼罩，由于大雾的影响造成可视条件下降，加之黑颈鹤飞行的机动性差（翼载量大、展弦比不大），造成了黑颈鹤的伤亡。 |
| 英文摘要 | Form Oct. 24, 2006 to Apr. 9, 2007, the wintering behavior, daily cycle and habitat use of Black-necked Cranes had been studied with the fixed route method combined with instantaneous and scan sampling method at Dashanbao National Nature Reserve, Zhaotong, Yunnan. Meanwhile the spring migration behavior and dead cranes in wintering were also recorded, which of these can be used to help us understand the wintering behavior and habitat use pattern of Black-necked Cranes living in the high altitude and low temperature environment. Based on the result of our studying the effective protection measurement and proper habitat management can be established. During the wintering period, to meet wintering energy needs Black-necked Cranes spent most of their time feeding, which was about 53.05±4.93%. Other behaviors such as vigilance, searching, maintenance, walking, flight, and fight were 18.75±2.65%, 10.38±1.34%, 10.32±4.93%, 4.90±1.59%, 1.70±0.38%, 0.55±0.41%, 0.36±0.25%, respectively. One-Way ANOVA analysis showed that the eight wintering behaviors of Black-necked Cranes had significant differences between every one-hour period (09:00－18:00) and over the five month period (2006.11－2007.03). There were two feeding peaks in the morning and afternoon, with one maintenance peak at noon. Partial analyses showed that environmental temperature affected wintering behaviors independently, while environmental moisture had the opposite effect on behaviors dependent on environmental moisture. When the temperature was high, feeding was low and maintenance was high. When the temperature was low, maintenance was high and feeding was low. Our results indicated that roost departure time had positive correlation with sunrise time, while roost arrival time had negative correlation with sunset time. The cranes departed from the roost at 07:18±0:15 on the sunny day, when the fog raised the cranes will stay in the roost, once it’s clear they would fly out for food. There are four kinds of habitat the crane used in Dashanbao, such as, farmland, grassland, wetland and water area, which were disproportion used by the Black-necked Cranes. Water area was the most favorable habitat; wetland and farmland were at the second and third place, while grassland was avoided. There were no significant differences on the habitat use among the five months, which remind us to assign properly more of these three kinds of habitat in order to meet the cranes require in winter. PCA analysis showed that the distance to roost, distance to water, human flow per 30 minutes, distance to disturbance, slope degree, slope direction and altitude were the first seven habitat factor considered by cranes. Crane in different wintering sites had different habitat use pattern, which indicated that Black-necked Cranes has good acclimations ability. One ringed Black-necked Crane and two telemetry tracked cranes 64309 and 64311 were recorded in the winter. The population fluctuation caused by the migration of crane wintering at different places indicated that Dashanbao is the staging area wintering in northeastern Yunnan and southeastern Guizhou. Most of the cranes migrated to their breeding site in the sunny windy morning at the end of March and the start of April. There were seven Black-necked Cranes died because of collision into the power lines and cable lines. The adult and young had the same mortality from the power line, expect one dead adult with no wound. There was thick fog covering the reserve when the accident happened from Dec. 2006 to Feb. 2007. Bad weather conditions, poor visibility and poor flying ability (big wing loading and average aspect ratio) increased the possible of collision accident. |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 公开日期 | 2010-10-14 |
| 源URL | [http://159.226.149.42:8088/handle/152453/6086]  |
| 专题 | 昆明动物研究所_鸟类学 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 孔德军. 云南大山包黑颈鹤(Grus nigricollis)越冬行为和保护研究[D]. 北京. 中国科学院研究生院. 2008. |
入库方式： OAI收割
来源：昆明动物研究所
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