纳帕海越冬黑颈鹤（Grus nigricollis）空间生态学研究
文献类型：学位论文
| 作者 | 刘强 |
| 学位类别 | 博士 |
| 答辩日期 | 2010 |
| 授予单位 | 中国科学院研究生院 |
| 授予地点 | 北京 |
| 导师 | 杨晓君 ; 杨君兴 |
| 关键词 | 空间利用 栖息地偏好 种群变动 保护 纳帕海 |
| 其他题名 | Spatial Ecology of Black-necked Cranes (Grus nigricollis)Wintering at Napahai |
| 中文摘要 | 黑颈鹤中部越冬种群是三个越冬种群中最为濒危的一个。由于栖息地退化和 丧失等因素的影响，其分布区逐渐萎缩，在大多数分布区（大理、鹤庆、丽江、 祥云），黑颈鹤已经消失或偶见。目前稳定的越冬区仅见于香格里拉县境内的纳 帕海和碧塔海，其中90%以上的个体在纳帕海越冬。纳帕海已经成为中部种群最 重要的越冬地。 本论文主要报道了2007 年～2010 年有关种群数量、空间利用模式、栖息地 偏好以及迁徙生态等工作成果。 1） 纳帕海黑颈鹤种群呈增长态势，数量由2004 年的281 只增长到2007 年的325 只。但2007 年的幼体新增率仅为8.1%，大大低于2004 年的16.3%。 这也说明黑颈鹤繁殖的成功率在不同的年份波动比较大。 2） 黑颈鹤在纳帕海的总利用区域（100%等值线）面积为990.9ha，而核心 利用面积（50%等值线）仅为42.3ha，分别占总研究区域的28.2%和1.2%。每个 月的平均90%利用区域面积为217.5 ±40.8ha （值域= 108.0～317.4ha, N = 5 个 月） ，月平均核心利用区域为25.5 ±5.1ha （值域=10.4～38.6ha, N = 5 个月）。 涝季和旱季相比，黑颈鹤的总利用区域和核心利用区的面积没有显著差异（t-检 验，P 均>0.05）。在不同的月份黑颈鹤会利用不同的区域，任意两月的总活动面 积重叠率为39.1 ±3.8% （值域= 21.3～57.2%），而核心活动面积重叠率仅为9.9 ±3.0%（值域= 0～28.5%）。栖息地的改变对黑颈鹤的空间利用造成较大的影响， 随着明水面由南向北退却，黑颈鹤的活动区域也随之移动。 3） 黑颈鹤对各栖息地具有选择性。使用欧几里德距离法分析表明黑颈鹤偏 好浅水沼泽和湿草甸，而回避耕地和干草地。这种偏好性不随季节而改变。 4）通过卫星跟踪发现：黑颈鹤具有相似的春季和秋季迁徙路线，但花费的 时间差异较大，春季时仅需1～2 天，而秋季时则花费了1～20 天。在迁徙过程 中，黑颈鹤通过山区时，沿河流飞行，在高原面上则顺低谷迁徙，迁徙中回避海 拔较高的高山，而多沿海拔较低的山谷飞行，在翻越高山时也选择较低的山隘口 通过。 根据研究的结果，提出如下保护建议：将黑颈鹤的核心利用区划为保护区的 核心区；重点保护浅水沼泽栖息地，在越冬期应该稳定保持一定面积的沼泽；规 范旅游管理，减少游客对黑颈鹤造成的干扰；开展家猪对湿地影响的研究，确立 合适的散养数量。 |
| 英文摘要 | endangered of the three main wintering populations. Black-necked Cranes were once common in Yunnan (Lasihai Marsh in Lijiang County, Luguhu Lake in Ninglang County, and NapaHaiWetland and BitaHai Lake in Shangri-la County, Heqing County, Dali County and Xiangyun County). Due to habitat loss, subpopulations have either disappeared or declined to < 10 cranes at all sites except the Napahai and BitaHai wetlands. Due to drainage of wetlands and hunting, the wintering population at Napahai declined from about 700–800 birds before the 1960s to about 300 in 1978–1979 and only 60–70 in 1981. Napahai is the last refuge for the central population, with about 300 cranes (or about 90% of the central population) wintering there. This wetland, however, is facing increasing pollution, degradation by overgrazing, and questionable zoning policies that can lead to unsustainable development and further habitat destruction. Adequate management depends on understanding how these cranes use the landscape. Thus, our objectives were to examine the population changes, space use and habitat preferences of Black-necked Cranes during the winter of 2007-2010 at the Napahai wetland in northwest Yunnan, China, where approximately 300 Black-necked Cranes (>90% of the total central population) spent the winter. From 2004 to 2007, the central population size has increased from 281 to 325 individuals. But the recruitment ratio decreased from 16.3% to 8.1%. That indicated sharp fluctuation of breeding success ratio. The total area used by Black-necked Cranes (100% isopleths of the UD, or UD100) during our study was 990.9 ha and the core-use area (50% isopleths of the UD, or UD50) encompassed 42.3 ha, covering 28.2% and 1.2% of the study area, respectively. The monthly mean UD90 area used by Black-necked Cranes was 217.5 ±40.8 ha (range = 108.0–317.4 ha, N = 5 months), and the monthly mean UD50 area was 25.5 ± 5.1 ha (range = 10.4–38.6 ha, N = 5 months). The size of UD50 andUD100 of the dry season (27.6 ±8.7 ha, N = 3; 856.2 ±158.9 ha, N = 3; respectively) and flooding season (22.5 ±4.0 ha, N = 2; 962.3 ±120.6 ha, N = 2; respectively) did not differ (t-test, both P > 0.05). There was evidence that Black-necked Cranes shifted the location of UDs between any two months. The UD100 and UD50 overlap between any two months was only 39.1 ±3.8% (range = 21.3–57.2%) and 9.9 ±3.0% (range = 0–28.5%), respectively. Euclidean distance analysis was employed to determine the habitat preferences of Black-necked Cranes, and a newly-developed local nearest-neighbor convex-hull construction method was used to examine space use. Our results indicate that Black-necked Cranes preferred shallow marsh and wet meadow, and avoided farmland and dry grassland habitats. Core-use areas (50% isopleths) and total-use areas (100% isopleths) accounted for only 1.2% and 28.2% of the study area, respectively. We recommend that habitat protection efforts focus on areas with abundant patches of shallow marsh and wet meadow to maintain preferred feeding habitats. Core-use areas as the main feeding places of Black-necked Cranes should be designated as part of the core zone of the nature reserve. The monthly shifts in core-use areas also suggest that conservation area should be large enough to permit changes in space use of Black-necked Cranes. In addition to preserving the habitats, local government officials also need to take measures to decrease human disturbance (e.g. local tourism) to Black-necked Cranes in crane feeding areas. Satellite tracking identified that the routes traveled by cranes during spring and fall were similar, but the fall migrations were longer than spring migaration. During travels, cranes prefered to move along the river valley and cross the high altitude mourtains from the gap parts. |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 公开日期 | 2010-11-12 |
| 源URL | [http://159.226.149.42:8088/handle/152453/6511]  |
| 专题 | 昆明动物研究所_系统进化与生物地理学 昆明动物研究所_鸟类学 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 刘强. 纳帕海越冬黑颈鹤（Grus nigricollis）空间生态学研究[D]. 北京. 中国科学院研究生院. 2010. |
入库方式： OAI收割
来源：昆明动物研究所
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