云南纳帕海越冬黑颈鹤(Grus nigricollis)夜栖地的数量、特征、分布及其变化
文献类型：学位论文
| 作者 | 贺鹏 |
| 学位类别 | 硕士 |
| 答辩日期 | 2011-05 |
| 授予单位 | 中国科学院研究生院 |
| 授予地点 | 北京 |
| 导师 | 杨晓君 |
| 关键词 | 纳帕海 黑颈鹤 夜栖地 特征 分布 |
| 其他题名 | Studies on number, characteristics, distribution and variation of roost-sites of Black-necked Cranes Grus nigricollis at Napahai, Yunnan, China |
| 学位专业 | 动物学 |
| 中文摘要 | 2009年11月～2010年5月对云南省香格里拉县纳帕海省级自然保护区越冬黑颈鹤（Grus nigricollis）的种群数量、夜栖地数量及其特征和分布进行了详细调查。 用夜栖地计数法调查种群数量，用三角定位标图结合标志物校正法确定夜栖地方位，并进行实地校正。夜栖群数量调查与夜栖地调查同时进行。根据所记录的夜栖地GPS位点进入纳帕海对夜栖地特征变量进行实地调查。 纳帕海黑颈鹤种群数量达到334只，为往年最大值，延续了增长趋势。但幼体比例为较低的8.4%。种群数量的变化与往年不同，提前1个月进入迁离期，可能与干旱的天气有关。夜栖群中集群夜栖群最多，其次为家庭单独夜栖群，而临时小群夜栖群最少。气温可能对黑颈鹤夜栖群的集中趋势有影响。 在夜栖地特征调查中，共记录夜栖地63个，均位于有水的斑块状沼泽中，基底大多有泥层，大部分（81.0%）有植被覆盖。夜栖地与人类活动区域和沼泽岸边有一定距离。与随机对照样地相比，夜栖地基底泥层较厚（Z=-2.365，p=0.018），明水面比例较高（Z=-3.086，p=0.002），离道路、村庄和农田较远（Z/t=-2.852—-2.334，p=0.008—0.020），水深的分布在两者间有极显著差异（χ2=16.730，p=0.001）。夜栖地利用前后对比发现沼泽斑块的面积有显著差异（t=2.977，p=0.021）。主成分分析表明影响黑颈鹤夜栖地利用的因素依次为：人类干扰、沼泽斑块大小和浅水环境状况。黑颈鹤选择浅水沼泽作为夜栖地，其夜栖地对水的依赖性较强。影响其夜栖地利用的因素可能是安全、食物和能量。 根据每次调查夜栖地分布状况确定5个主要夜栖区域；根据生境类型及主要夜栖区域可以将纳帕海分为5个区：北部水域区；北部沼泽区；中部草原区；南部沼泽区；南部草原区。只在沼泽区有夜栖地分布，北部的夜栖地分布在前期随着水域边缘北移而北移，而南部的两个夜栖地在整个越冬期都非常稳定。这说明水域分布及变化在一定程度上决定了夜栖地的分布及变化。 根据本研究的结果，提出以下保护意见：1.根据越冬期黑颈鹤及其他水禽对生境的需求适时调节水位；2.将保护区内的高压线和电杆用鲜艳颜色进行标记；3.关闭保护区内影响黑颈鹤活动的旅游接待站。 |
| 英文摘要 | From November 2009 to March 2010, roosting-site characteristics, distribution and variation of roost-sites of Black-necked Cranes (Grus nigricollis) were investigated at Napahai Provincial Nature Reserve, Shangri-La in Yunnan. Population size was surveyed by roost-count method, and the positions of roosting-sites were determined by triangulation plotting with markers and field correcting. The number of roosting groups and the roost-sites were investigated at the same time. The roost-site characteristic variables were collected from field works by roost site’s GPS positions recorded early moning everytime. The population was 334, which kept on the grouth trend and was the most in recent years. However, the proportion of juveniles was low. The change of population was different to previous years, and it indicated that migration stage came one month earlier. This may be related with the dry weather. The number of cluster roosting groups was the most, and followed by family roosting group, and the number of temporary small roosting group was smallest. Temperature might be influence the central tendency of roosting group. All of the 63 roosting-sites observed were located in patchy marshes with water, which contained some mud on the bottom and 81.0% of the roosting-sites were covered by plant. They also had a certain distance to areas of human activities and had a certain distance to shore of the marshes. A comparison of roosting-site and random site showed that roosting-sites had thicker mud layers (Z=-2.365，p=0.018), higher ratio of open water (Z=-3.086，p=0.002), farther distances to roads, villages, and farmlands(Z/t=-2.852—-2.334，p=0.008—0.020), and also showed significant difference(χ2=16.730，p=0.001) in distribution of water depth between them. Another comparison of before and after usage of roosting-sites found significant difference(t=2.977，p=0.021) in area of marsh patch. Principal component analysis indicated that the usage of roosting-site of Black-necked Cranes was affected by human disturbance, area of marsh patch, and condition of shallow water environment. The cranes roost in shallow marshs and their roost-sites show strong dependence on water. The factors that infleneced their choice of roost-site were relationship between roost-site and feeding area, security, area of marsh and energy. According to the distribution of roosting-site each survey, five major roosting aeras could be defined. According to the habitat and the major roosting aeras, five regions of Napahai could be defined, which were Water Area of North, Marsh Area of North, Gresslang Area of Central, Marsh Area of South and Gresslang Area of South. The roost-sites were only founded in Marsh Area. The roost-sites of north move northward following the edge of water in the early wintering phase, and the two roost-sites of south were stable in the whole wintering phase. This indicated that shallow marshs determined the distributions and their changes of roost-sites to some extent. According the results, protection suggestions were proposed as follow: 1. Adjust the water level timely according to the habitat needs of cranes and other waterfowls. 2. Mark the power lines and poles in the nature reserve by bright colors. 3.Close the tourist reception centers in the nature reserve that influence activitys of cranes. |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 源URL | [http://159.226.149.26:8080/handle/152453/10214]  |
| 专题 | 昆明动物研究所_鸟类学 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 贺鹏. 云南纳帕海越冬黑颈鹤(Grus nigricollis)夜栖地的数量、特征、分布及其变化[D]. 北京. 中国科学院研究生院. 2011. |
入库方式： OAI收割
来源：昆明动物研究所
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