西黑冠长臂猿（Nomascus concolor）行为生态及社会行为研究
文献类型：学位论文
| 作者 | 管振华 |
| 学位类别 | 博士 |
| 答辩日期 | 2013-05 |
| 授予单位 | 中国科学院研究生院 |
| 授予地点 | 北京 |
| 导师 | 蒋学龙 |
| 关键词 | 西黑冠长臂猿 空间近距离 社会网络分析法 一夫二妻制 理毛行为 生态行为 栖息地适应 |
| 其他题名 | The ecological and social behavior of black-crested gibbon（Nomascus concolor）at Dazhaizi, Wuliang Mountain, central Yunnan, China |
| 学位专业 | 动物学 |
| 中文摘要 | 在2008年1月至2012年1月期间，我们对云南中部无量山大寨子（24°21’N，100°42’E）一个西黑冠长臂猿群体（G2）进行了生态行为学研究，并在2011年1月到2011年12月期间采集到一个年周期的行为数据。在此期间，主要研究内容包括食性、活动时间分配、理毛行为、空间距离、鸣叫行为、群内以及群间冲突等方面，分析了西黑冠长臂猿群体的食性、时间分配的群间差异，探讨了西黑冠长臂猿对于栖息地环境的适应性策略，并利用社会网络分析法研究了群体的社会结构（理毛社会网络以及空间距离社会网络）。研究期间我们利用以5分钟为间隔的瞬时扫描法记录空间距离数据与行为数据，在610个小时的观察记录中，采集到行为数据19274个，取食数据5240个（其中5174个可以明确到取食物种），空间距离数据31013个。G2群取食70种植物和3类动物，70种植物可分为三个植物类型：木本植物（45种）、藤本植物（20种）、附生植物（5种），已鉴定的植物分别隶属于34科、55属；3类动物包括小型哺乳类、昆虫类及蠕虫。G2群食性具有显著的月变化，但个体差异不大，在总体食性取食中取食果实的比例最大，其次是叶、芽类，再次为花，附生植物最少。G2群的活动时间分配具有显著的个体差异和月变化，全年时间分配中移动行为占用时间最多，其次是取食行为和休息行为，玩耍时间排在第四位，鸣叫和其他行为所占时间最少。结合G3群的行为数据和食性数据（引自黄蓓2011），两个群体的活动时间分配差异不大，6类行为中仅移动行为时间分配G2显著高于G3。在食性上两个群体差异显著，这些差异显示出西黑冠长臂猿对于不同家域栖息地采用不同的适应性策略。理毛行为是一种具有社会功能的特殊行为，G2群的理毛行为在时间分配中占据很小比例（1.45 %）。我们利用社会网络分析法分析了西黑冠长臂猿的理毛行为社会网络，并引用了相邻群体G3群（引自黄蓓2011）的理毛行为数据进行对比，以便更清晰的展示理毛行为在长臂猿群体中发挥的重要功能。密度比较显示长期稳定的群体（G3，6年中没有发生个体取代）理毛行为社会网络具有更多的理毛配对关系以及更高的网络密度。新迁入雌性个体与亚成年雄性个体为获得其他个体的容忍而实施更多理毛行为（理毛伙伴最多以及较高实施理毛次数），这点也显示出理毛行为的社会功能。理毛行为同样显示出性内竞争对于长臂猿群体社会行为的影响。迁入雌性个体选择成年雌性作为自己的主要理毛对象（除了后代），其次选择成年雄性个体；亚成年雄性个体选择成年雄性个体作为自己的主要理毛对象。社会网络分析法同样被用于分析西黑冠长臂猿群体的空间近距离社会网络。亲缘关系对于社会结构是有影响的，后代个体通常倾向于和母亲保持近距离；未独立的个体和母亲的空间近距离关系随着年纪增长而降低；亚成年个体位于群体的边缘位置；成年雄性个体AM2在群体中与成年雌性AFR以及其后代的空间近距离关系要高于另外一个雌性AFI及其后代。我们初步推测这种情况可能有两个原因，第一由于父亲不确定性高，雌性为了防止杀婴行为，和成年雄性保持较远空间距离（AFI符合这一原因）；第二是在父亲不确定性低的情况下，雄性为了保护后代避免被捕食而和雌性保持近距离（AFR符合这一原因）。月平均温度和人类活动影响了群体的空间近距离月变化，G2群的SRI（即群体月平均空间近距离）在温度低的月份里增加，在温度高的月份里减少；在人类活动干扰严重的月份里，SRI降低。通过对鸣叫数据与SRI的相关性分析，G2群鸣叫频次（r=0.609，p=0.036）和雌性鸣叫的同步率（r=0.756，p=0.004）都显著和SRI相关，支持了鸣叫行为的群体凝聚力功能假说。研究期间，我们还记录到了38次群内冲突行为和10次群间冲突行为，其中在群内冲突行为中能够准确识别个体的记录为37次，争夺取食位置（9次）和雄性性内竞争（27次）是造成群内冲突行为的主要原因。我们根据群间冲突中个体的行为差异推测雄性性内竞争以及群外交配是引起群间冲突的主要原因。 |
| 英文摘要 | The ecology and behavior of one group（G2）of western black crested gibbon（Nomascus concolor）was studied from Jannuary 2008 to December 2011 at Dazhaizi（24°21’N，100°42’E）, Mt. Wuliang, central Yunnan, China. The group was habituated until December 2010. From then on, an annual ecological and behavioral observation were conducted for from January to December 2011 and obtained a total of 610-hour’s data by instantaneous scan sampling on diet, activity budget, duet, grooming behavior, spatial proximity, intra- and inter- group agonism. We intend to know how the group adapted to the different habitat behaviorally and study the social structure of the polygynous group of western black crested gibbon by using social network analysis. The behavioral data were collected by instantaneous scan sampling at a 5-min interval. We collected 19274 behavior records in total. The Gibbons spent most of the time in moving（33.12 %）, feeding（27.19 %）and resting（26.88 %）. Time budget of the study group differed significantly among months, age, and between sex. The feeding time increased when monthly mean temperature was high. Seventy different plants provided food for the gibbons. The diet of group varied monthly significantly, but not between individuals. Compared with the neighbor group（G3, referred from Huang，2011）, we found that G2 spent more time in moving than G3, and two groups’ diet differed significantly. The result showed that gibbons used different feeding strategies for different habitat in their home range to increase fitness. We firstly used social network analysis to study the grooming network in gibbon’s group. Our results showed that the stable group had a more complex grooming network while the group with newly replaced individuals had a simpler network. Moreover, newly immigrated female had the most extensive grooming and chose the resident adult female as her first grooming partner（except her offspring）. Our observations indicated the grooming network was relative to the group dynamic and reflected the change of individuals within the groups. We hypothesize that the immigrant female gave more extensive grooming as an important behavioral strategy in order to achieve the tolerance from the permanent residents as a way to solidify their social status. Social network analysis was also used to investigate the structure and seasonality of the proximity network in our study group, and we analyzed the impact of temperature and rainfall. 31013 proximity records were collected in total. The individual proximity increased in the cold months and decreased in hot months with higher anthropogenic disturbance. Kinship was one explanation for the gibbons’ group social structure, as the offspring preferred to keep proximity with their mothers. The proximity of infant with its mother decreased while it grew up, and the independent offspring have lower proximity to mothers than dependent one. We found that adult male had different proximity relationship with two adult females. We proposed that infanticide avoidance and/or predation protection for dependent infant could be possible reason for the proximity relationship difference. We found gibbons’ duet behavior（duet frequency and great calls by two females synchronously）became more frequent when monthly group proximity was high. This feature supports the group cohesion function hypothesis of duet behavior.During study period, we also observed 38 cases of intra-group agonistic behavior, all but one cases we can identify individuals. According to the behavior difference between individuals, we suggest that male intra-sex competition and extra-pair copulations were the main reason for inter-group encounters. |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 公开日期 | 2013-06-20 |
| 源URL | [http://159.226.149.42:8088/handle/152453/7507]  |
| 专题 | 昆明动物研究所_兽类生态与进化 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 管振华. 西黑冠长臂猿（Nomascus concolor）行为生态及社会行为研究[D]. 北京. 中国科学院研究生院. 2013. |
入库方式： OAI收割
来源：昆明动物研究所
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