滇西北地区麝类资源现状、栖息地利用及保护生物学研究
文献类型：学位论文
| 作者 | 李学友
|
| 学位类别 | 博士 |
| 答辩日期 | 2013-11 |
| 授予单位 | 中国科学院研究生院 |
| 授予地点 | 北京 |
| 导师 | 蒋学龙 |
| 关键词 | 滇西北地区 麝 样线调查 自动感应照相系统 种群现状 栖息地利用 资源保护 |
| 其他题名 | Population Status and Habitat Selection of Musk Deer (Moschus spp.) in Northwest Yunnan: Implications for Conservation Biology |
| 学位专业 | 动物学 |
| 中文摘要 | 麝（Moschus spp）隶属于偶蹄目（Artiodactyla）麝科（Moschidae），分布于喜马拉雅、东亚地区，是兽类中经济价值极高的资源动物，雄麝香腺囊分泌物-麝香，是名贵药材和高级香料的原材料。滇西北地区为生物多样性热点区，也是麝的重要分布区，同时也是多个少数民族的聚集区，具有生物多样性和民族文化多样性双重特征，民族文化和生产及资源利用实践方式对麝资源的保护有重要影响。本研究对滇西北地区麝类资源及其保护生物学现状进行调查研究，以掌握该地区麝资源现状、栖息地利用特征、不同民族对麝资源的利用与保护、致危因素等基础资料，并探索适合滇西北地区偶蹄类动物种群数量与分布调查和监测的方法和技术，为麝资源的保护提供理论和方法支持。 2010年7月至2011年8月，使用访问调查、样线调查在滇西北地区高黎贡山北段、碧罗雪山、丽江老君山、云龙龙马山和白马雪山北段对麝分布、种群数量和种群生存现状进行了调查；并于2011年9月至2013年1月在白马雪山自然保护区奔子栏片区采用访问调查、样线调查和自动感应照相调查开展高山麝（Moschus chrysogaster）及其栖息地、保护区周边社区人与野生动物的关系研究。主要研究结果如下： 1. 种群数量与分布：滇西北地区分布有林麝、高山麝和黑麝三种麝科动物。林麝主要分布在碧罗雪山、丽江老君山、云龙龙马山等地；高山麝主要分布在白马雪山北段；黑麝主要分布在高黎贡山北段和碧罗雪山西坡。调查区域内，白马雪山北段麝种群密度较高，采用累计粪堆计数法和清除粪堆计数法的种群密度分别为3.85±1.49头/km2和4.12±1.78头/km2（mean±SD，后同）；高黎贡山北段麝种群密度为1.03±0.69头/km2；除这两个保护区外，其它调查区内麝种群密度已经很低，平均麝种群密度在0.21~0.53头/km2之间；研究表明，保护区内麝种群平均密度显著高于保护区外（t=3.29, df=47, P=0.002）；放牧和偷猎是麝种群的主要威胁因素；麝的种群密度和分布还受到保护管理策略等因素的影响。 2. 栖息地利用与季节性变化：不同季节，影响高山麝栖息地选择的生境因子不同，高山麝栖息地利用存在季节性垂直迁移现象。冬春两季，高山麝利用栖息地的平均海拔范围为3355±94 m，对阳坡、高山松林、黄背栎林表现出正选择；夏秋两季高山麝利用栖息地的平均海拔范围为3632±288 m，对寒温性针叶林、无干扰生境具有选择性；夏季高山麝栖息地利用的解释因子还有隐蔽级（??SE=1.834?0.952，P=0.008）和海拔（??SE=0.735?0.601，P=0.003）。 3. 自动照相技术应用及评价：在白马雪山北段共安放17台自动感应照相机。自动感应照相系统获得有效野生动物照片489张，监测到高山麝及其共栖大中型兽类15种；其中高山麝照片129张，根据各时间段的拍摄频率，高山麝活动高峰出现在凌晨01:00~04:00点之间，其出现频率占到43%；生态位重叠指数分析表明，高山麝与中华鬣羚（Capricornis milneedwardsii）的生态位重叠指数高达0.84；研究发现拍摄率与粪堆遇见率具有显著的线性关系 （y=26.49x-1.58；F1,22=136.84，P＜0.001，R2=0.86），说明自动感应照相系统拍摄率在野生偶蹄类动物种群生态学研究中具有应用价值。 4. 人与野生动物冲突：白马雪山保护区奔子栏片区周边2010～11两年间共确认149户牧民258头牲畜遭受野生动物肇事损失。狼（Canis lupus）为最主要肇事动物（79.1%，n=204）；犏牛为主要的损失的牲畜，占所有损失的40.3% (n=111)；年均牲畜损失数量占牲畜存栏总量的2.1%，约占牧民户均年收入的17%；保护区周边社区居民从松茸采集中获得好处，所有受访者对保护区持支持态度。 5. 麝资源的利用及保护：访问调查了怒族、傈僳族、白族和藏族4个民族的老猎人共计61人次对麝资源的利用情况；目前，麝的主要狩猎工具为颈扣和吊脚扣，分别占到42.6%（n=26）和31.1%（n=19）；九十年代初期每人每年收获麝的数量为7.41±1.8头，近两年仅有0.67±0.88头，表明该地区麝资源衰退严重。导致麝资源衰退的主要因素包括偷猎、过度放牧和栖息地破坏；建议在现有的保护区加强监管和巡护，制止偷猎；从保护麝的栖息地着手，在麝的分布区内控制放牧规模，提倡使用替代能源和砖混建材；深入开展麝种群现状调查和监测研究，依靠科学保护麝资源；重视和采纳当地居民的乡土知识以及麝资源的利用经验，引导和推动当地社区居民积极参与麝资源保护。 |
| 英文摘要 | Musk deer (Moschus spp) belong to the order-Artiodactyla, family-Moschidae, and they are limited to the forested parts of Trans-Himalayas and eastern Asia. Musk deer are an economically important and highly endangered taxa. Musk, which is secreted by the musk gland of males has been used traditionally as a scent, a sedative, a stimulant and to cure a variety of ailments in China and elsewhere. The areas of northwest Yunnan are in a biodiversity hotspot and it is a stronghold for musk deer. There are also multiple ethnics living in northwest Yunnan, and traditional practices as well as religious beliefs of the local communities affect the conservation status of musk deer in northwest Yunnan. In the present study, we aimed to learn the population and conservation status of musk deer in northwest Yunnan; habitat preference of musk deer; the utilization of musk deer by different ethnics, and the reasons caused musk deer declined. We also assessed methodologies suit for mountain forest ungulate survey and monitoring. From July 2010 to Aug 2011, we studied musk deer distribution, abundance and conservation status in northwest Yunnan using interviews, fecal standing cropping (FSC) and fecal accumulation rate (FAR) transect surveys. From Sept 2011 to Jan 2013, we studied seasonal habitat preferences of musk deer at Baima Snow Mountain Nature Reserve, where the musk deer dung frequently occurred on the transects. We compared camera trapping rate with dung count density and evaluated the use of trapping rate as a robust estimate of relative population abundance. We also studied human carnivore conflicts and local herders’ attitude towards wildlife adjacent to Baima Snow Mountain Nature Reserve. 1. Musk deer population distribution, abundance and conservation status: M. berezovskii, M. chrysogaster and M. fuscus occur in northwest Yunnan: M. berezovskii is distributed in the Biluo Snow Mountain range, Laojunshan Mountain and Longmashan Mountains; M. chrysogaster is distributed at Baima Snow Mountain; and M. fuscus is distributed at Gaoligong Mountain and the western slope of Biluo Snow Mountain range. Among the study areas, the northern part of Baima Snow Mountain held the highest musk deer population density, with 3.85±1.49 individuals (inds)/km2(FSC, mean±SD) and 4.12±1.78 inds/km2（FAR, mean±SD）. The mean density of musk deer at northern part of Gaoligong Mountain was 1.03±0.69 inds/km2. The population densities of musk deer in the other 4 areas were very low, with the range of 0.21~0.53 inds/km2. Our results showed population densities of musk deer were significant higher inside versus outside nature reserves (t=3.29, df=47, P=0.002）; The musk deer population in northwest Yunnan is threatened by livestock grazing and illegal hunting. 2. Seasonal habitat use by M. chrysogaster at the northern part of Baima Snow Mountain: M. chrysogaster showed seasonal habitat differences and vertical migration over the seasons. In winter and spring, the mean elevation of the used habitat was 3355±94 m, musk deer showed a preference for sunny slopes, pine forest and oak shrub. In summer and autumn, the mean elevation of the used habitat was 3632±288 m, and musk deer showed a preference for cold temperature coniferous forests and low disturbed habitats. The presence of musk deer in summer was positively correlated with canopy cover (??SE=1.834?0.952, P=0.008) and elevation (??SE=0.735?0.601, P=0.003). 3. The use of camera traps for species inventory, distribution, habitat use and activity pattern: We set camera traps in 17 unique camera locations at northern part of Baima Snow Mountain Nature Reserve. We obtained 489 independent captures triggered by 15 medium to large-sized mammal species. Of these, 129 captures were alpine musk deer. Musk deer were frequently captured between 1:00~4:00, accounting for 43% of the total captures. We found a strong linear relationship between camera trapping rate and dung count index. Our results demonstrated that camera |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 公开日期 | 2014-01-20 |
| 源URL | [http://159.226.149.42:8088/handle/152453/7782]  |
| 专题 | 昆明动物研究所_兽类生态与进化 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 李学友. 滇西北地区麝类资源现状、栖息地利用及保护生物学研究[D]. 北京. 中国科学院研究生院. 2013. |
入库方式： OAI收割
来源：昆明动物研究所
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