Manganese (Mn) deficiencies are common in soils on the Loess Plateau of China. This research provided essential information

on improving Mn availability in semiarid soils through agricultural practices. Twelve cropping system and fertilization treatments

were designed in a 28-year experiment. The cropping systems included long-term fallow, continuous winter wheat cropping, pea (1

year)-winter wheat (2 years)-millet (1 year) rotation (crop-legume rotation) cropping, and continuous alfalfa cropping. The fertilizer

treatments under the cropping systems included no-fertilizer control (CK), application of P fertilizer (P), application of N and P

fertilizers (NP), and application of N and P fertilizers and manure (NPM), but the NP treatment was excluded in the continuous

alfalfa cropping system. Available Mn and Mn fractions of soil samples (0–20 and 20–40 cm depths) were measured and further analyzed

quantitatively using path analyses. Results showed that the crop-legume rotation and continuous alfalfa cropping systems significantly

increased available Mn compared with the fallow soil. Compared with the no-fertilizer control, manure application increased available

Mn in soil of the continuous wheat cropping system. Across all treatments, the averaged content of mineral-, oxide-, carbonateand

organic matter-bound and exchangeable Mn accounted for 42.08%, 38.59%, 10.05%, 4.59%, and 0.09% of the total Mn in soil,

respectively. Cropping significantly increased exchangeable Mn in soil and the highest increase was 185.7% in the continuous wheat

cropping system at 0–20 cm depth, compared with the fallow soil. Fertilization generally increased exchangeable and carbonate-bound

Mn in soil. Carbonate-bound Mn was the main and direct source of available Mn in soil, followed by exchangeable and organic matterbound

Mn. These results indicated that crop-legume rotation cropping, continuous alfalfa cropping and application of manure, have

the potential to promote Mn availability in soils of rainfed farmlands.