中国地级城市十年发展的生态环境影响 综合评估与管理对策
文献类型：学位论文
| 作者 | 陶宇 |
| 学位类别 | 博士 |
| 答辩日期 | 2016-05 |
| 授予单位 | 中国科学院研究生院 |
| 授予地点 | 北京 |
| 导师 | 王如松 ; 李锋 |
| 关键词 | 城市化，城市群，土地利用变化，生态环境影响，生态系统服务 Urbanization, metropolitan region, land use change, environmental impacts, ecosystem services |
| 其他题名 | Comparative study and management implications of urban growth and environmental performance in different cities and metropolitan regions of China during the years 2000–2010 |
| 学位专业 | 生态学 |
| 中文摘要 | 城市是一类以人类活动为中心的社会-经济-自然复合生态系统，我国快速城市化引起的资源耗竭、环境污染、土地利用变化等问题以及对区域生态系统服务的胁迫，将是我国今后实践新型城镇化发展战略，实现城市可持续发展所面临的重大挑战。本论文首先综合评估全国 286个地级城市在2000–2010年间的城市化特征及生态环境影响，比较不同类型地级城市十年发展的进程和演变规律，以及分别面临的主要生态环境问题；接着对比分析全国 7大地理区域和 22个城市群典型生态环境表现的空间分异特征和区域差异，探讨不同生态环境表现与城市化指标的相关关系；最后以快速城市化地区常州市为例，定量评估其在1986-2011年间的城市土地利用变化对生态系统碳储量的影响，揭示生态系统碳储量沿城乡梯度的时空动态变化和驱动因素。本研究结果表明： （1）在时间动态变化上，全国地级城市在 2000–2010年间单位GDP工业废气、城市废水和固体废弃物的排放强度平均下降了约 1/3 – 2/3左右。 （2）不同类型地级城市的比较可知，特大城市和大城市相较于中小城市、东部城市相较于中西部城市、以及生态环保模范城市相较于其他城市，均具有较低的单位 GDP污染排放和资源消耗强度，但主要污染物的排放总量、以及城市用地增长对全市耕地资源和生态用地的挤占却更为显著。 （3）典型生态环境指标（包括污染物排放、能耗与水耗、土地利用变化和环境投入水平）在 286个地级城市之间的空间分析可知，所有单位土地面积生态环境指标显著较高的热点城市均主要分布于我国华东地区，而不同的人均生态环境指标和单位 GDP生态环境指标显著较高的热点城市的空间分布具有较强的空间分异特征。 （4）七大地理区域的比较可知，华东地区单位土地面积的污染物排放、能耗与水耗、土地利用变化和环境投入水平均相对较高；华北地区人均和单位GDP的工业废气排放与能耗强度较高，该地区的环境投入占 GDP比重也较高；华中地区人均和单位 GDP的城市废水排放及水耗强度较高；而包括东北、华北和西北地区在内的我国北方地区具有较高的人均和单位 GDP固体废弃物排放强度；此外，包括西北和西南地区在内的我国西部地区的单位 GDP城市用地增长较快。 （5）二十二个城市群的比较可知，我国主要城市群相较于非城市群区域具有较高的单位土地面积和人均生态环境影响以及环境治理投入，较低的单位GDP生态环境影响，以及较高的环境治理投入占 GDP比重；12个相对较发达的城市群相比其余 10个发展中的城市群具有较高的单位土地面积生态环境影响和较低的单位 GDP生态环境影响，二者之间的人均生态环境影响并无显著差别。 （6）不同生态环境指标与城市化指标之间的相关分析可知，我国地级城市的单位土地面积和人均生态环境影响随人均 GDP的增长而增强，单位 GDP生态环境影响随人均 GDP的增长而降低，环境治理投入占 GDP比重随人均 GDP的增长而提高；此外，人均环境治理投入随城市废水和固体废弃物人均排放强度的增强而增加，但并没有随人均工业废气排放强度的增强而显著增加；随着环境治理投入占 GDP比重的提高，单位GDP污染物排放强度显著降低，但单位GDP能耗与水耗强度并未有显著降低。 （7）典型地级城市土地利用变化对生态系统碳储量的影响可知，常州市在1986 – 2011年间快速的城市用地增长对生态用地的挤占造成区域生态系统碳储量在这 25年间减少了约 30%，年均减少 1.5%。 （8）常州市生态系统碳储量沿城乡梯度样带的时空动态变化表现为城郊地区的碳储量高于中心城区，生态系统碳储量显著减少的区域逐年由中心城区向城郊地区扩展，城郊地区构成了快速城市化地区生态系统碳储量变化的热点区域。 基于上述主要结果，本研究针对不同类型的城市、不同的地理区域和城市群、以及典型地级城市分别提出了相应的生态环境调控对策与管理建议。 |
| 英文摘要 | City is a kind of social-economic-natural complex ecosystem dominated by human activities. Drastic resource consumption, pollutant emissions, and changes in land use due to rapid urbanization in China have resulted in degradation of ecosystem services, as well as a wide range of environmental problems. This poses great challenges to the implementation of China’s new-type urbanization strategy towards a more sustainable future. This research first carried out a comprehensive evaluation of the environmental impacts from urbanization for the 286 Chinese cities during the years 2000 – 2010, and compared these results among different types of cities to identify critical ecological and environmental problems and their dynamics for each type of cities. Then the research quantified variations of a set of environmental performance across seven geographic regions and twenty-two metropolitan regions of China, and quantified interactions between environmental performance and urbanization for the cities of China. Lastly, this research took a typical fast-growing city of Changzhou, China as a case study to assess changes in land use and ecosystem carbon stocks during the years 1986 – 2011, and reveal the driving factors of spatial-temporal dynamics of ecosystem carbon stocks along the urban-to-rural gradient. The results of this research are as follows. (1) The industrial waste gas emissions per GDP, urban sewage emissions per GDP, and solid waste emissions per GDP for the 286 Chinese cities decreased on average by one third to two thirds, respectively, during the years 2000 – 2010. (2) We found lower intensities of per GDP pollutant emissions and resource consumption, larger total quantities of pollutant emissions, and greater urban land growth that has encroached larger areas of agricultural land and ecological land for megacities and large cities as compared to small and medium-sized cities, for cities in the eastern part of China as compared to cities in the mid-west, and for environmental protection model cities and eco-cities as compared to the other cities, respectively. (3) We found larger proportions of the hotspot cities with greater values of a wide range of environmental performance per unit area of land, including pollutant emissions, energy and water consumption, land use change, and environmental investment, distributed in the East China region rather than the other six geographic regions of China. While we found larger proportions of the hotspot cities with greater values of environmental performance in per capita and per GDP terms distributed in different regions of China. (4) We found by comparing among the seven geographic regions that the East China region showed greater pollutant emissions, energy and water consumption, land use change, and environmental investment per unit area of land over the other six geographic regions of China. The North China region showed the greatest industrial waste gas emissions and energy consumption in per capita and per GDP terms, as well as the highest environmental investment as a share of GDP. The Central China region showed the greatest per capita and per GDP urban sewage discharge and water consumption, respectively. While the northern parts of China, which include the Northeast region, the North region, and the Northwest region showed the greatest solid waste emissions in per capita and per GDP terms. In addition, both the Northwest region and the Southwest region showed greater per GDP urban land growth over the other regions. (5) Major metropolitan regions of China showed greater overall environmental impacts and investment in per unit area of land and per capita terms, lower per GDP environmental impacts, and higher environmental investment as a share of GDP as compared to non-metropolitan regions. The twelve more economically developed metropolitan regions showed greater overall environmental impacts per unit area of land and lower per GDP environmental impacts as compared to the ten less developed metropolitan regions, while we did not observe significant differences in per capita environmental impacts between these two groups of metropolitan regions. (6) We observed positive correlations between environmental impacts in per unit area of land and per capita terms with per capita GDP, negative correlations between per GDP environmental impacts and per capita GDP, and positive correlations between environmental investment as a share of GDP and per capita GDP for the 286 cities of China. We also found that per capita environmental investment increased with increasing intensities of per capita urban sewage discharge and solid waste emissions, respectively, but not with increasing per capita industrial waste gas emissions. Moreover, per GDP pollutant emissions decreased with increasing environmental investment as a share of GDP, but per GDP energy and water consumption did not decrease with growing environmental investment. (7) Results from the case study on changes in urban land use and ecosystem carbon stocks showed that rapid urban land growth in the city of Changzhou during the years 1986 – 2011 has led to drastic decrease in ecosystem carbon stocks by 30% over the past 25 years, representing a 1.5% annual decrease. (8) Ecosystem carbon stocks in Changzhou showed overall decreasing trend from peri-urban area to the urban center along the urban-to-rural gradient. The areas experiencing drastic decrease in ecosystem carbon stocks shifted outwards from the urban center to peri-urban area over the past several decades, making peri-urban area the hotspot area with drastic changes in urban land use and ecosystem carbon stocks for rapid urbanizing regions. The results of this research have strong policy implications for more sustainable environmental management targeted at different types of cities, different geographic regions and metropolitan regions, and typical fast-growing cities of China. |
| 源URL | [http://ir.rcees.ac.cn/handle/311016/36963]  |
| 专题 | 生态环境研究中心_城市与区域生态国家重点实验室 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 陶宇. 中国地级城市十年发展的生态环境影响 综合评估与管理对策[D]. 北京. 中国科学院研究生院. 2016. |
入库方式： OAI收割
来源：生态环境研究中心
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