卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区蒙古野驴(Equus hemionus)和鹅喉羚(Gazella subgutturosa)食性、种群和栖息地研究
文献类型：学位论文
| 作者 | 初红军 |
| 学位类别 | 博士 |
| 答辩日期 | 2008 |
| 授予单位 | 中国科学院研究生院 |
| 授予地点 | 北京 |
| 导师 | 蒋志刚 |
| 关键词 | 食物重叠 营养生态位宽度、集群类型和大小、种群密度、卧息地选择、夏季和秋季采食生境选择、3S、距离查询、缓冲区分析、地图查询 |
| 学位专业 | 其它专业 |
| 中文摘要 | 卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区是世界著名的荒漠有蹄类自然保护区, 区内有蒙古野驴(E. hemionus)、鹅喉羚(G. subgutturosa)、盘羊(Ovis ammon)以及近期野放的普氏野马(E. przewalski)。经过多年有效保护和管理，区内蒙古野驴及鹅喉羚种群得到恢复并有较大增长。从2006年开始，我们在该保护区开展了蒙古野驴和鹅喉羚的食性构成、社群结构、种群密度、卧息及采食生境利用、季节性栖息地利用等方面的研究。主要结果如下： 采用粪样显微分析技术研究了蒙古野驴、鹅喉羚与家羊、家马和家骆驼3种家养动物春季、秋季和冬季食性组成及食物生态位。结果发现：(1) 该区域的蒙古野驴、鹅喉羚和家畜所采食的植物科数和种数都不相同，针茅、驼绒藜、蒿和梭梭在各自食谱中所占的比例不同, 但蒙古野驴、鹅喉羚和家畜主要采食针茅、驼绒藜、蒿和梭梭；(2) 春季、秋季和冬季这些野生与家养草食动物两两之间的食物生态位重叠均在0.8以上，最低为0.832(冬季：鹅喉羚和家马)，最高达到0.986(秋季：蒙古野驴和家羊；秋季：家马和家羊)。五种有蹄类之间的食物生态位重叠度也达到了0.3以上。表明在卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区，上述野生动物及季节性进入该自然保护区的家畜之间均存在食物竞争。冬季积雪深，食物短缺, 荒漠有蹄类易因冻饿及疾病等造成死亡。因此，应采取限制秋冬季进入该自然保护区家畜数量及调整放牧区域等保护管理措施，对该区域荒漠有蹄类实施有效保护。 对蒙古野驴和鹅喉羚的集群行为进行了初步研究。将鹅喉羚或蒙古野驴集群划分为雌性群、雄性群、母仔群、雌雄混群和独羚或独驴5种类型。共统计蒙古野驴556群次，计8235匹次。其中，雌雄混群223群次, 占40%, 为最多的集群类型；其余为雄性群(24%)、独驴(19%)、雌性群(11%)和母仔群(6% )。不同集群大小的比例差异极显著 (P=0.000)。其中2-30匹的集群占69%，独驴占18%，其余为13%。最大集群为266匹。除独驴外，其余4种集群类型的集群大小存在极显著差异。独驴作为一种特殊的集群类型，其占雄性个体的比例达63%，说明雄性个体比雌性更容易形成独驴。观察记录到鹅喉羚1286群次，计9148只次。其中，雌雄混群459群次, 占35%,为最多的集群类型；其余为独羚(18%)、母仔群(18%)、雄性群(17%)和雌性群(12%)。不同大小集群的比例差异极显著(P=0.000)，其中2一15头的集群占73%， 16头以上集群占42%，独羚仅占3%，不同集群大小差异也极为显著(P=0.000)。除独羚外，其余4种集群类型的集群大小存在极显著差异。独羚作为一种特殊的集群类型，其雌性个体的比例占到55%，因此, 不能说明雄性比雌性更容易形成独羚。 分四个季节采用截线取样法，用DISTANCE5.0估计了蒙古野驴、鹅喉羚的密度和遇见率。根据DISTANCE5.0计算，该区域春季蒙古野驴种群密度为0.55±0.14匹/km2 (平均数±标准差,下同)，夏季为0.60±0.13匹/km2，秋季为0.78±0.19匹/km2和冬季为0.54±0.14匹/km2。春季、夏季、秋季和冬季的鹅喉羚种群密度分别为1.14± 0.18头/km2，0.95±0.12头/km2，1.08±0.18头/km2和1.54±0.31头/km2。将这些结果与本区域不同时期及不同地域的蒙古野驴、鹅喉羚密度和遇见率数据进行了比较对比。截线取样法为研究干旱地区的有蹄类动物提供了一种标准方法，本研究结果为卡拉麦里自然保护区蒙古野驴和鹅喉羚的长期监测提供了基础数据。 采用样方法研究了鹅喉羚夏季和冬季卧息生境选择。夏季测定了49个卧迹样方，36个对照样方；冬季测定了75个卧迹样方，75个对照样方。研究发现，春季鹅喉羚主要选择平滩、下坡位和无坡位、海拔高度910米以上、与水源距离较远、远离道路、远离居民点、隐蔽级高、中低植被密度和中高草本密度的区域作为卧息生境；而冬季则主要选择山坡、阳坡和半阴半阳坡、中上坡位和下坡位、海拔900～1000m范围、离道路501～1000m以及大于2000m的距离、靠近居民点、中低隐蔽级、中厚度(1.1-3cm)雪深、中高植被密度和中高草本密度的区域作为卧息生境。主成分分析表明，卡拉麦里山鹅喉羚夏季季卧息样方前4个主成分的累积贡献率达到86.57％，第1主成分主要反映卧迹样方的植物密度、草本密度、针茅密度、至最近居民点距离、至永久水源最近距离和海拔。冬季该区域鹅喉羚卧息样方前4个主成分的累积贡献率达到73.88％，第1主成分主要反映卧迹样方的植物密度、草本密度、针茅密度和坡度。 通过设立样方研究了蒙古野驴的采食生境。研究发现，夏季和秋季两个季节蒙古野驴主要在平滩和山沟采食。集中在无坡向的平滩、1001m以上的海拔高度、与水源距离较近、远离道路、远离矿区等人类活动点、植被盖度高、草本盖度高、植物多样性高、草本多样性高(P＜0.05)的区域采食。主成分分析表明，夏季影响蒙古野驴采食生境选择的环境因子是植物盖度、草本盖度、针茅盖度、植物密度、草本密度、针茅密度、植物种类、草本种类和禾本科种类。秋季影响蒙古野驴采食生境选择的环境因子是海拔、植物盖度、草本盖度、针茅盖度、植物密度、草本密度、针茅密度、植物种类、草本种类和禾本科种类。 利用卡山保护区不同季节野外种群调查数据，以3S技术为手段，评价了蒙古野驴和鹅喉羚季节性栖息地适宜性。首先把各季节蒙古野驴和鹅喉羚分布点图层，分别和固定水源点图层、道路图层、固定冬牧点图层和矿点图层进行叠加和距离查询，用Vanderploeg & Scavia’s选择指数(Ei*)分析了蒙古野驴和鹅喉羚季节性栖息地选择及其主要影响因素，建立了固定水源点、植被、道路、固定冬牧点和矿点对蒙古野驴和鹅喉羚栖息地影响强度的评价标准。通过缓冲区分析，分别研究了固定水源点、道路、固定冬牧点、矿点对蒙古野驴和鹅喉羚季节性栖息地的影响。通过缓冲区分析，综合研究了与人类活动有关的道路、固定冬牧点和矿点因子对蒙古野驴和鹅喉羚季节性栖息地的影响。最后将固定水源点、植被、道路、固定冬牧点和矿点等5个因子结合起来通过地图综合查询研究分析了这些因子对蒙古野驴和鹅喉羚季节性栖息地的综合影响，在固定水源点较适宜以上范围给出了该保护区蒙古野驴和鹅喉羚季节性不同适宜等级的生境面积。 我们建议采取以下积极措施来保护卡山保护区荒漠生态系统多样性以有效保护该区域内栖息的蒙古野驴和鹅喉羚：提高保护区周边社区政府的认识，提高公众参与自然资源和生物多样性保护的意识；加强水源地建设，积极采取飞播等措施,恢复植被，提高栖息生境质量；逐步限制进入卡拉麦里山越冬渡春的家畜数量；严格进入卡山保护区采矿制度，取缔非法矿业；加强草原围栏生态通道建设；与蒙古国合作建立跨国界的国际自然保护区；建立卡山自然保护区自然资源有偿使用机制；开展长期蒙古野驴和鹅喉羚种群监测。 |
| 英文摘要 | The Mt. Kalamaili Ungulate Nature Reserve (MKUNR) is a well-kown desert ungulate nature reserve in the world. The main ungulate species in MKUNR include khulan (E. hemionus), goitered gazelle (G. subgutturosa), argali (Ovis ammon) and reintroducing Przewalski’s wild horse (E. przewalski). Through many years effective conserving and managing, Khulan and goitered gazelle, which widely distribute in the MKUNR, population recovered and increased . From 2006, we have studied dietary, social structure, population density, beding and foraging habitat selection, and seasonal habitat used of Khulan and goitered gazelle in the MKUNR. Results show as follows: We studied dietary overlap among Khulan, goitered gazelle and three domestic livestock, using micro-histological analysis of fresh fecal samples. Khulan, goitred gazelle and domestic livestock mainly ate Stipa sp., Ceratoides lateens, Artemisia sp. and white saxaul Haloxylon persicum, although plant families and species compositions of their diets differed. Pianka Niche Overlap Index C values of Klulan, goitered gazelle, and 3 domestic livestock species were all over 0.8, varying from 0.832 (between goitered gazelle and domestic horse in winter) to 0.986 (between Klulan and domestic sheep in autumn, and between domestic horse and domestic sheep in autumn). We interpret these high overlap values as indicating serious food competition among wild animals and seasonal pastoral livestock, especially, during winters when deep snow covered ground and forage was scarce. Wild ungulates may be die due to malnutrition during those severe winters. We observed 556 groups (8235 individuals) of Khulan in the MKUNR. These groups could be classified into five types. Mixed groups(224)were the major type, accounting for 40%. Male groups, solitary Khulan, female groups and mother–lamb groups made up 24%, 19%, 11% and 6%， respectively. Group size ranged from one to 266 individuals．Groups of 2–30 individuals，solitary Khulan groups and largergroups(>30individuals) accounted for 69%, 18% and 13％, respectively. While 69% of Khulans were observed in group with sizes of 2-30 individuals. A Chi-square test showed that the frequencies of individuals in different group sizes were significantly different (P=0.000)．Group sizes varied significantly among different group types (Kruskal—Wallis H test，P=0.000)．There were significantly more males (63%) than females (P=0.000 ) in solitary Kulan groups． We observed 1286 groups (9148 individuals) of goitred gazelle in MKUNR. These groups could be classified into five types. Mixed group (459) was the major type, which accounted for 35%. Solitary gazelle, mother–lamb groups, male groups, and female groups made up 18%, 17%, 13% and 9% of total groups, respectively. Group size ranged from one to183 individuals．Groups of 2-15 individuals, solitary gazelle groups and larger groups (>15individuals) accounted for 55%, 3% and 42% of the total groups, respectively. A Chi-square test showed that the frequencies of individuals in different group sizes were significantly different (P=0.000)．Group sizes varied significantly among different group types (Kruskal-Wallis H test，P=0.000)．There were some more males (55%) than females (P=0.000) in solitary gazelle groups． Khulan and goitred gazelle density (number of individuals/km2) and encounter rates (the number of observed anima1 clusters/ km) were estimated using the interactive computer program DISTANCE 5.0 to calculate the survey data of line transects traversed across the MKUNR on different seasons. DISTANCE 5.0 yielded Khulan populations density estimates of 0.55±0.14 individual/ km2 for spring, 0.60±0.13 individual/ km2 for summer, 0.78±0.19 individual/ km2 for autumn, and 0.54±0.14 individual/ km2 for winter in the survey area. DISTANCE 5.0 calculated goitred gazelle density estimates of 1.14±0.18 individual/ km2 for spring, 0.95±0.12 individual/ km2 for summer, 1.08±0.18 individual/ km2 for autumn, and 1.54±0.31 individual/ km2 for winter in MKUNR. We comparied population density estimates of Khulan and goitred gazelle from our survey with those from previous surveys with regard to methods used and robustness of results obtained. Summer and winter bed-sites selection of goitred gazelle was studied. In summer,49 bed-sites used by Goitred gazelle and 36 control plots were measured after locating bed signs during 26 transects surveys crossing the MKUNR. In winter, 75 bed-sites used by Goitred gazelle and 75 control quadrats were measured after locating bed signs during 30 transects surveys as well. Through the comparison of bed sites and control quandrats, I found summer bed sites were characterized by plains, lower or no slope position, over 900m altitude, far from permanent water source, far from main road, far from human sattlement, higher plant density, higher herbage density, and higher vegetation cover in MKUNR. In winter, bed sites were characterized by hill, half-sunny slope and sunny slope, whole slope position, 901-1000m altitude, with distance from 501 to 1000m or over 2000m to main road and near human sattlement, lower and middle vegetation cover, midian snow cover (1.1-3cm), higher plant density, and higher herbage density. Principal Component Analysis showed that the 4 principal components explained 86.57％of the total variance and the first principal component was positively related to Plant density, Herbage density, Stipa sp. density, Distance to Nearest Human Community, Distance to Permanent Water Source, and altitude in MKUNR in summer. PCA also showed that 4 principal components explained 73.88％ of the total variance and the first principal component was positively related to plant density, Herbage density, Stipa sp. density, and altitude in winter of the same area. Food habitat used by Khulans was studied in MKUNR. The fresh bitting signs on vegetation, piles of fresh feces and the tracks of khulans were used as an index to indicate the intensity of use by khulans in an area．At all feeding sites a 10m×10m sampling quadrat was established at the center of the site. This was compared to a similar sized quadrat randomly located 500 m away from feeding sites elsewhere in the study area．Variables recorded in the quadrat were vegetative cover, herbage cover, Stippa sp. cover, total plant species, herbage species number, grass species number, vegetative height, GPS position, and distance to permanent water source. In two seasons, the foraging habitat of Khulans were mainly concentrated in plains and valleys and with no slope. Khulans selected feeding sites which were altitude over 1001m, near water sources, far from roads, far from mining positions, highervegetative cover, higher herbage cover, higher plants diversities and herbage diversities (P＜0.05). Through the PCA analysis, the vegetative cover, herbage cover, Stippa sp. Cover, vegetative density, herbage density, Stippa sp. density, total plant species number, herbage species number and grass species number were possibly the most important factors determining the summer foraging habitat use of Khulans of the study area．In autumn, altitude, vegetative cover, herbage cover, Stippa sp. cover, vegetative density, herbage density, Stippa sp. density, total plant species number, herbage species number and grass species number are possibly the most important factors determining the foraging habitat use by Khulans of the same area． During the field surveys on Khulans and goitered gazelles from 2006 to 2007, we recorded the GPS positions of Khulans, goitered gazelles and other wildlife discovered along the survey routes in MKUNR. Then, the information of animal species and population number, permanent water points, vegetation types and human activity characteristics such as roads, nomad settlements, and mines were input into the ArcView3.2a as different layers. Through the distance query and overlapping analysis of above-mentioned layers, Vanderploeg and Scavia’s Selection Index (Ei*) were used to identify habitat selection by Khulans and goitered gazelles in different seasons. Then, we set up the evaluating criteria for the influences of water points, vegetation types and human activity characteristics such as roads, nomad settlements, and mines on the seasonal habitats of Khulans and goitered gazelles. We calculated the seasonal areas of different and suitable potential habitats of Khulans and goitered gazelles in study area by vegetation types. We also studied the influences of human activity characteristics such as roads, nomad settlements, and mine on the seasonal habitats of Khulans and goitered gazelles by buffer analysis, respectively. We integrated the influences of roads, nomad settlements and mines on the seasonal habitats of Khulans and goitered gazelles by buffers analysis. Finally, we studied the compound influences of permanent water points, vegetation types , roads, nomad settlements, and mines on the seasonal habitats of Khulans and goitered gazelles through the map query analysis. Suitable habitat areas for Khulans were 6163 km2 (34.18% of the total area of MKUNR) in spring, 6558km2 (36.43% of the total area of MKUNR) in summer, 6834 km2(37.96% of the total area of MKUNR) in autumn and 7099 km2 (39.44% of the total area of MKUNR) in winter; for goitered gazelles were 12569 km2 (69.8% of the total area of MKUNR) in spring， 6970 km2 (38.72% of the total area of MKUNR) in summer, 7703km2 (42.8% of the total area of MKUNR) in autumn and 12761km2(72.9% of the total area of MKUNR) in winter within the low suitable level of water points. In order to effectively conserve the ecosystem biodiversity and protect Khulan and goitred gazelle, we suggest that MKUNR should take the following active measures: To improve public nature conservation awareness of surrounding community and local governments; to increase consciousness of the publics to take part in natural resources and biodiversity conservation; to enforce permanent water sources construction; to use airplane seeding program to reforest the area and to improve wildlife habitat quality; to firmly restrict the number of livestock which entering and grazing in MKUNR in winter and early spring; to established strict permission system for mining and ban illegal mining in the MKUNR; to strengthen the construction of grassland corridors along the grassland fences; to cooperate with Mongolia government to establish a trans-boundaries international nature reserve; to set up compensational mechanisms for using natural resources in MKUNR; to carry out long term Khulan and goitred gazelle populations monitoring programs. Key words: Khulan E. hemionus, goitered gazelle G. subgutturosa , Trophic niche and overlap, group types, group sizes, population density, bed-sites selection，foraging habitats, Geographic Information System (GIS), Globle Positioning System (GPS), remote sensing (RS), permanent water points, vegetation types, roads, nomad settlements, mines, distance query, buffers analysis, map query |
| 学科主题 | 动物学 |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 公开日期 | 2010-08-11 |
| 源URL | [http://ir.nwipb.ac.cn/handle/363003/1484]  |
| 专题 | 西北高原生物研究所_中国科学院西北高原生物研究所 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 初红军. 卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区蒙古野驴(Equus hemionus)和鹅喉羚(Gazella subgutturosa)食性、种群和栖息地研究[D]. 北京. 中国科学院研究生院. 2008. |
入库方式： OAI收割
来源：西北高原生物研究所
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