Background: The 2008 Wenchuan earthquake was unprecedented in Chinese history both in terms of the magnitude of the quake itself and the scale of human suffering. Following the disaster, researchers reported on a wide range of mental health outcomes, especially posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In this review, we assess the cumulative body of research evidence about PTSD across the first 10 years following the earthquake. Methods: We searched the literature in the PubMed, Web of Science, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases (from May 2008 to February 2018) using Wenchuan earthquake and PTSD as keywords. Results: We selected 58 relevant studies. Published findings from the selected period suggested a substantial burden of PTSD on highly exposed survivors. Studies have found that symptoms of PTSD have been associated with a range of risk factors, including sociodemographic factors, trauma exposure characteristics, post-disaster cognitive and emotional states, and social support. Studies have explored the factor structure of PTSD in the affected Chinese population, and researchers have developed a Chinese self-report measure of PTSD symptoms. Several treatments for PTSD have been evaluated, including some indigenous intervention methods. Limitations: Only a relatively small number of the studies used longitudinal assessments, and the consistency and effectiveness of measurement tools for PTSD require further exploration. More rigorous investigations of the effectiveness of interventions for the prevention and treatment of PTSD are needed. Conclusion: The 10-year body of literature is important for the future deployment of disaster relief and an increased understanding of PTSD in China.