Invasions by Alien Plants in Protected Areas of Java, Indonesia
文献类型：学位论文
| 作者 | Michael Padmanaba |
| 答辩日期 | 2017-11 |
| 文献子类 | 博士 |
| 授予单位 | 中国科学院研究生院 |
| 授予地点 | 北京 |
| 导师 | Richard T. Corlett ; Alice C. Hughes |
| 关键词 | 外来植物入侵、国家公园、分布、控制、 爪哇 |
| 学位专业 | 植物学 |
| 英文摘要 | Invasive alien plants are an increasing global problem, with ecological, economic, and social impacts. Increasing global concern has been accompanied by increased mitigation efforts in many countries, but this has been outweighed by the effects of increasing global connectivity through trade and travel. As a result, this is a problem which is certain to get worse. A review of the literature on invasive aliens in production forests, which are more extensive than protected areas, identified minimizing canopy opening, minimizing the width of access roads, and continued surveillance for invasive species as management principles that should apply in both production and protected forests. Alien trees used in plantations may themselves become invasive so the species for planting should be chosen with care. Alien plants are invading protected areas worldwide, but there is currently little information from tropical Asia. The island of Java in Indonesia has the longest record of human occupation in Asia, and has undergone dramatic vegetation change and landscape modification. Today, Java supports 145 million people in 128,000 km2, making it the most populous island in the world. The island also has 12 small, but well-protected, National Parks, which support most of the remaining native biodiversity. These are surrounded by dense human populations, making them highly vulnerable to invasions. We surveyed eight of these parks—Ujung Kulon, Gunung Gede Pangrango, Gunung Merapi, Gunung Merbabu, Bromo Tengger Semeru, Meru Betiri, Alas Purwo, and Baluran—along a rainfall gradient from lowland rainforest with >3000 mm annual rainfall to savanna with <1500 mm, and a 0-3158 m altitudinal gradient, using 403 10 x 5 m plots next to trails. We also established 70 transects, 2 m wide and up to 50 m long, perpendicular to the trails in Ujung Kulon, Gunung Gede Pangrango, Bromo Tengger Semeru, Alas Purwo, and Baluran. Forty-four data loggers were set up to record temperature and humidity at representative sites and 35 soil samples were collected for chemical analysis. Principal components analysis was used to describe patterns of species composition across the parks, and generalized linear mixed models were used to identify the environmental factors affecting the patterns of abundance of invasive plants within each park. We interviewed park officers to identify current management actions addressing invasions by alien plants. Interviews with visitors and local communities were conducted to obtain people’s perceptions, knowledge, and awareness of invasive alien plants. We used MaxEnt to model current distributions of invasive alien species in Java, potential future distributions following the climate changes projected by the HadGEM2-ES earth system model under three different emission scenarios, and potential distributions in Java based on the climate in their native ranges. In addition, factors most influential to the spread of the invasive alien plants were determined. We recorded 67 invasive alien plant species, of which Lantana camara and Chromolaena odorata were present in all parks and Clidemia hirta was present in all but the two driest parks. Elephantopus scaber, Hyptis capitata, and Passiflora foetida were in all lowland parks but none of the mountain parks, while Ageratina riparia and Austroeupatorium inulaefolium were in all mountain parks but none of the lowland parks. Thirty-three species occurred in only one park, including Acacia nilotica, which now covers more than 60 km2 of the Baluran National Park, 40 years after it was first planted there. Historical factors relating to plant introduction appeared to be as important as environmental factors in determining which species occurred in which park, while, within parks, canopy cover and altitude were generally most influential, with fewer species under closed canopies and at high altitude. Spread away from trails was only evident in open habitats, including natural savannas in Baluran National Park. For all scenarios and time periods, HadGEM2-ES predicts warmer temperatures and lower rainfall in the future in Java, with the amount of warming depending strongly on the scenario, while the amount of drying depends more on the spatial location. Our species distribution models show that each alien plant species is likely to respond differently to future climates. Some species (e.g. Crassocephalum crepidioides, Mimosa pudica, Passiflora foetida, and Solanum americanum) spread more in low emission scenarios, while others expanded more under high emissions (Bidens pilosa, Chromolaena odorata and Lantana camara). Some invasive plants currently restricted to the lowlands, such as Hyptis capitata and Sida rhombifolia, are predicted to move to higher altitudes under climate change. Existing control attempts for invasive aliens in Javan parks are reactive, localized, and intermittent. Among the surveyed national parks, only in Gunung Gede Pangrango and Baluran had management actions been implemented, including largely unsuccessful attempts at mechanical and chemical eradication of problematic invasive plants. Both visitors and local communities lacked knowledge and awareness of invasive plants. We recommend that park authorities and their staff conduct annual monitoring for early detection of invasion and that they blacklist all species that are known to be invasive from planting near National Parks. We also recommend that experimental comparisons are made among the control methods currently used in order to assess their cost and effectiveness, and that biological control is considered for alien species for which there has been successful control elsewhere. Lessons from Java are likely to be applicable to biological invasions into protected areas throughout the Asian tropics, now or in the near future, as human populations and economic development increase. Key words: invasive alien plants, national park, distribution, control, Java |
| 语种 | 英语 |
| 公开日期 | 2018-02-09 |
| 源URL | [http://ir.xtbg.org.cn/handle/353005/10702]  |
| 专题 | 西双版纳热带植物园_西双版纳热带植物园毕业生学位论文 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | Michael Padmanaba. Invasions by Alien Plants in Protected Areas of Java, Indonesia[D]. 北京. 中国科学院研究生院. 2017. |
入库方式： OAI收割
来源：西双版纳热带植物园
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