A philosophy of rivers: Equilibrium states, channel evolution, teleomatic change and least action principle
文献类型：期刊论文
| 作者 | Nanson, Gerald C.1; Huang, He Qing2 |
| 刊名 | GEOMORPHOLOGY
 |
| 出版日期 | 2018-02-01 |
| 卷号 | 302页码:3-19 |
| 关键词 | Philosophy of geomorphology Theory of evolution Channel equilibrium Teleomatic change Least action principle |
| ISSN号 | 0169-555X |
| DOI | 10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.07.024 |
| 通讯作者 | Nanson, Gerald C.(gnanson@uow.edu.au) |
| 英文摘要 | Until recently no universal agreement as to a philosophical or scientific methodological framework has been proposed to guide the study of fluvial geomorphology. An understanding of river form and process requires an understanding of the principles that govern the behaviour and evolution of alluvial rivers at the most fundamental level. To date, the investigations of such principles have followed four approaches: develop qualitative unifying theories that are usually untested; collect and examine data visually and statistically to define semi quantitative relationships among variables; apply Newtonian theoretical and empirical mechanics in a reductionist manner; resolve the primary flow equations theoretically by assuming maximum or minimum outputs. Here we recommend not a fifth but an overarching philosophy to embrace all four: clarifying and formalising an understanding of the evolution of river channels and iterative directional changes in the context of least action principle (LAP), the theoretical basis of variational mechanics. LAP is exemplified in rivers in the form of maximum flow efficiency (MFE). A sophisticated understanding of evolution in its broadest sense is essential to understand how rivers adjust towards an optimum state rather than towards some other. Because rivers, as dynamic contemporary systems, flow in valleys that are commonly historical landforms and often tectonically determined, we propose that most of the world's alluvial rivers are over-powered for the work they must do. To remain stable they commonly evolve to expend surplus energy via a variety of dynamic equilibrium forms that will further adjust, where possible, to maximise their stability as much less common MFE forms in stationary equilibrium. This paper: 1. Shows that the theory of evolution is derived from, and applicable to, both the physical and biological sciences; 2. Focusses the development of theory in geomorphology on the development of equilibrium theory; 3. Proposes that river channels, like organisms, evolve teleomatically (progression towards an end-state by following natural laws) and iteratively (one stage forming the basis for the next) towards an optimal end-state; 4. Describes LAP as the methodological basis for understanding the self-adjustment alluvial channels towards MFE. 5. Acknowledges that whereas river channels that form within their unmodified alluvium evolve into optimal minimum-energy systems, exogenic variables, such as riparian or aquatic vegetation, can cause significant variations in resultant river-styles. We specifically attempt to address Luna Leopold's lament in 1994 that no clearly expressed philosophy explains the remarkable self-adjustment of alluvial channels. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. |
| WOS关键词 | MAXIMUM FLOW EFFICIENCY ; FORMED STRAIGHT RIVERS ; MINIMUM STREAM POWER ; GRAVEL-BED RIVERS ; MOBILE-BED ; HYDRAULIC GEOMETRY ; ENERGY-DISSIPATION ; ALLUVIAL CHANNELS ; HYDROLOGIC REGIME ; NATURAL-SELECTION |
| 资助项目 | Australia Research Council[A00103535] ; Australia Research Council[DP1096911] ; Australia Research Council[DP130104023] ; National Natural Science Foundation of China[41330751] ; National Natural Science Foundation of China[41561144012] |
| WOS研究方向 | Physical Geography ; Geology |
| 语种 | 英语 |
| WOS记录号 | WOS:000425200300002 |
| 出版者 | ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV |
| 资助机构 | Australia Research Council ; National Natural Science Foundation of China |
| 源URL | [http://ir.igsnrr.ac.cn/handle/311030/57084]  |
| 专题 | 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所 |
| 通讯作者 | Nanson, Gerald C. |
| 作者单位 | 1.Univ Wollongong, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia 2.Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Geog Sci & Nat Resources Res, Key Lab Water Cycle & Related Land Surface Proc, Beijing, Peoples R China |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | Nanson, Gerald C.,Huang, He Qing. A philosophy of rivers: Equilibrium states, channel evolution, teleomatic change and least action principle[J]. GEOMORPHOLOGY,2018,302:3-19. |
| APA | Nanson, Gerald C.,&Huang, He Qing.(2018).A philosophy of rivers: Equilibrium states, channel evolution, teleomatic change and least action principle.GEOMORPHOLOGY,302,3-19. |
| MLA | Nanson, Gerald C.,et al."A philosophy of rivers: Equilibrium states, channel evolution, teleomatic change and least action principle".GEOMORPHOLOGY 302(2018):3-19. |
入库方式： OAI收割
来源：地理科学与资源研究所
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