1 alpha,25(OH)(2)D-3 (vitamin D-3) is crucial for mineral homeostasis in mammals, but the precise effects of 1 alpha,25(OH)(2)D-3 in adipose tissue remain to be clarified in vivo. The initial 25-hydroxylation is catalyzed by liver microsomal cytochrome P450 2R1 (CYP2R1), which is conserved in vertebrates. To probe the physiological function(s) of 1 alpha,25(OH)(2)D-3 in teleosts, we generated two independent cyp2r1-deficient zebrafish lines. These mutants exhibit retarded growth and increased obesity, especially in the visceral adipose tissue (VAT). These defects could be rescued with 25(OH)D-3 treatments. ChIP-PCR analyses demonstrated that pgc1a is the target of the vitamin D receptor in the liver and VAT of zebrafish. Significantly decreased protein levels of Pgc1a, impaired mitochondrial biogenesis, and free fatty acid oxidation are also observed in the cyp2r1 mutant VAT. Our results demonstrate that regulation of 1 alpha,25(OH)(2)D-3 during lipid metabolism occurs through the regulation of Pgc1a for mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative metabolism within zebrafish VAT.