High-Mg diorites were discovered in the southern part of the ca. 830 Ma Dongma Pluton, northern Guangxi Province of southern China. The diorites (SiO₂ = 59–65 wt%) are characterized by high MgO (6.7–8.9 wt%) contents and Mg-number [Mg# = 100 × Mg/(Mg + Fe)] (69–73), in contrary to the associated medium-Mg (MgO = 3.4–3.8 wt%, Mg# = 59–63) granodiorites in the Dongma main body and the low-Mg (MgO = 1.4–1.9 wt%, Mg# = 46–51) granodiorites in the Bendong Pluton to the north. Moreover, the high-Mg diorites show surprisingly high Cr (595–640 ppm) and Ni (171–194 ppm) concentrations, which are beyond the ranges of most coeval mafic rocks in the study area. Correspondingly, chromite crystals were separated from the high-Mg diorites and some of the medium-Mg granodiorites, and they show high Cr# [100 × Cr/(Cr + Al)] (average of 75), but low Mg# (0.34–2.51) and low Fe^3 +. The decoupling of Cr# and Mg# and the existence of quartz + apatite mineral inclusion in chromites suggest Mg-Fe exchange that may be facilitated by the disequilibrium resulted from magma mixing. The high-Mg diorites show low La/Yb (6.8–8.5) and Sr/Y (2.1–3.1) ratios, significant negative anomalies of Nb and Ti and positive anomaly of Pb, resembling the Setouchi high-Mg andesites, despite of their relatively low Sr (71–100 ppm). All of the studied diorites and granodiorites show enriched Nd isotope compositions, with ε_Nd(t) values (− 3.2 to − 5.9) a bit higher than some of the associated mafic rocks. Some of the high-Mg diorites show whole-rock ε_Hf(t) (− 6.0 to − 6.2) coupled with Nd isotopes, similar to the associated mafic-ultramafic rocks in northern Guangxi, suggesting the metasomatism by melts of subducting sediments in the mantle source. Whereas, others show decoupled Nd-Hf isotopes that are similar to the medium- and low-Mg granodiorites [ε_Hf(t) = − 1.8 to + 0.05], probably indicating the late magma mixing with granitic magmas at a crustal level for the dioritic magmas. We propose a two-stage model for the petrogenesis of the high-Mg diorites: 1) the mantle source was firstly metasomatized by melts from partial melting of subducting terrigenous sediments to form the enriched Nd-Hf isotopic characteristics; and then 2) the mantle-derived high-Mg mafic melts mixed with the crust-derived low-Mg granitic melts to form the high-Mg diorites and medium-Mg granodiorites. The occurrence of high-Mg diorites implies the existence of Neoproterozoic subduction-related metasomatism in the western part of the Jiangnan orogen.

High-Mg diorites were discovered in the southern part of the ca. 830 Ma Dongma Pluton, northern Guangxi Province of southern China. The diorites (SiO₂ = 59–65 wt%) are characterized by high MgO (6.7–8.9 wt%) contents and Mg-number [Mg# = 100 × Mg/(Mg + Fe)] (69–73), in contrary to the associated medium-Mg (MgO = 3.4–3.8 wt%, Mg# = 59–63) granodiorites in the Dongma main body and the low-Mg (MgO = 1.4–1.9 wt%, Mg# = 46–51) granodiorites in the Bendong Pluton to the north. Moreover, the high-Mg diorites show surprisingly high Cr (595–640 ppm) and Ni (171–194 ppm) concentrations, which are beyond the ranges of most coeval mafic rocks in the study area. Correspondingly, chromite crystals were separated from the high-Mg diorites and some of the medium-Mg granodiorites, and they show high Cr# [100 × Cr/(Cr + Al)] (average of 75), but low Mg# (0.34–2.51) and low Fe^3 +. The decoupling of Cr# and Mg# and the existence of quartz + apatite mineral inclusion in chromites suggest Mg-Fe exchange that may be facilitated by the disequilibrium resulted from magma mixing. The high-Mg diorites show low La/Yb (6.8–8.5) and Sr/Y (2.1–3.1) ratios, significant negative anomalies of Nb and Ti and positive anomaly of Pb, resembling the Setouchi high-Mg andesites, despite of their relatively low Sr (71–100 ppm). All of the studied diorites and granodiorites show enriched Nd isotope compositions, with ε_Nd(t) values (− 3.2 to − 5.9) a bit higher than some of the associated mafic rocks. Some of the high-Mg diorites show whole-rock ε_Hf(t) (− 6.0 to − 6.2) coupled with Nd isotopes, similar to the associated mafic-ultramafic rocks in northern Guangxi, suggesting the metasomatism by melts of subducting sediments in the mantle source. Whereas, others show decoupled Nd-Hf isotopes that are similar to the medium- and low-Mg granodiorites [ε_Hf(t) = − 1.8 to + 0.05], probably indicating the late magma mixing with granitic magmas at a crustal level for the dioritic magmas. We propose a two-stage model for the petrogenesis of the high-Mg diorites: 1) the mantle source was firstly metasomatized by melts from partial melting of subducting terrigenous sediments to form the enriched Nd-Hf isotopic characteristics; and then 2) the mantle-derived high-Mg mafic melts mixed with the crust-derived low-Mg granitic melts to form the high-Mg diorites and medium-Mg granodiorites. The occurrence of high-Mg diorites implies the existence of Neoproterozoic subduction-related metasomatism in the western part of the Jiangnan orogen.