The abundance, phosphorus solubilizing ability and community composition of phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (PSB) attached on two bloom-forming cyanobacteria, Microcystis and Anabeana, were investigated in Guanqiao ponds in 2014 and Lake Chaohu in 2015 and 2016. Thirty organic phosphate-mineralizing bacteria (OPB) and eighteen inorganic phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (IPB) isolated from Guanqiao ponds and Lake Chaohu were identified. The community compositions of PSB attached on Microcystis and Anabeana were found to be entirely different. Some PSB were found to be shared by OPB and IPB, especially the species attached on Microcystis, such as Rhizobium sp. Compared to the PSB attached on Anabeana, the PSB attached on Microcystis showed the lower numbers, higher phosphorus solubilizing ability and extensive substrate adaptability. This indicated that the PSB were important for the growth of Microcystis through meeting soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) demand, which was further supported by the data from Guanqiao ponds where succession process from Anabeana to Microcystis was recorded. All these facts can explain why the succession from Anabeana to Microcystis frequently occurred in shallow eutrophic lakes. Therefore, the attached PSB should be considered as a crucial contributor on algal growth, succession and collapse, depending on algal species.