蒙古沙拐枣（Calligonum mongolicum）及其相关种的分类学研究
文献类型：学位论文
| 作者 | 师玮 |
| 学位类别 | 博士 |
| 答辩日期 | 2009 |
| 授予单位 | 中国科学院．新疆生态与地理研究所 |
| 导师 | 潘伯荣，新疆生态与地理研究所 |
| 关键词 | 沙拐枣属 |
| 其他题名 | The taxonomic study on the Calligonum mongolicum and its related species |
| 中文摘要 | 本文在野外考察和实验室工作相结合的基础上，研究了在分类学上具有争议的蒙古沙拐枣（Calligonum mongolicum Turcz.）和其相关种 [戈壁沙拐枣(C. gobicum A. Los.)、甘肃沙拐枣(C. chinense A. Los.）、小沙拐枣(C. pumilum A. Los.）、阿拉善沙拐枣（C. alashanicum A. Los.）、柴达木沙拐枣（C. zaidamense A. Los.）、塔里木沙拐枣（C. roborowskii A. Los.）、吉木乃沙拐枣（C. jimunaicum Z. M. Mao.）等]的分类学关系，主要分析了这几个种果实性状的变异特征、染色体基数、染色体核型、生境土壤特征及分子水平的遗传多样性等，其中着重分析了蒙古沙拐枣和小沙拐枣的分类学关系。该研究探讨了蒙古沙拐枣和其相关种的果实指标作为分类学依据的可行性，填补了沙拐枣属植物的核型研究的空白，研究了果实大小差异产生的原因，应用微卫星技术初步探讨了栽培蒙古沙拐枣的遗传多样性。主要研究结果如下：果实形状、果实长度、果实果宽、刺毛长度、两刺间距、两肋间距、瘦果形状、瘦果长度、瘦果宽度、每肋刺行数、果实大小，共11个果实性状指标都在单株内、单株间与不同居群间表现出不同程度的差异，但它们的变异程度有所不同。果实性状在蒙古沙拐枣的不同居群之间的差异都达到极显著，在蒙古沙拐枣及其相关种的各居群之间也达到极显著。果实性状聚类分析的结果表明，地理距离比较近的居群可聚为一支。蒙古沙拐枣的果实性状和其相关种之间呈现复杂的交叉现象，说明蒙古沙拐枣与其相关种的传统分类学依据模糊，作为其分类学研究依据不够充分。不同地理分布的蒙古沙拐枣的染色体数目为2n=18和2n=27，在M2的居群中出现了比较罕见的异源三倍体（2n=3x=27）现象，不同地理分布的居群染色体核型公式相似，分别为2n=2x=18=8m+10sm和2n=3x=27=8m+8sm+2st（M2）；2n=2x=18=8m+8sm+2st（M3）和2n=2x=18=6m+12sm（M4），染色体参数的变化范围不大。小沙拐枣的核型公式为2n=2x=18=8m+8sm+2st.；戈壁沙拐枣的核型公式为2n=2x=18=4m+14sm；阿拉善沙拐枣的核型公式为2n=2x=18=6m+12sm；甘肃沙拐枣的核型公式为2n=2x=18=10m+8sm。蒙古沙拐枣及其相关种的生境中的土壤，按我国土壤质地分类标准均可归入砂土组的粗砂土。其土壤粒径大部分为1 mm以下，基本上占到了50%以上；随土壤深度的变化土壤中的N和P的含量变化规律复杂，K含量变化规律相似。蒙古沙拐枣及其相关种的生境土壤有机质和有机碳的变化规律相似。根据蒙古沙拐枣及其相关种的生境土壤类型可以划分为6种类型，生境类型多样。蒙古沙拐枣及其相关种的不同居群的果实大小和其居群土壤环境中的有机碳含量呈现显著的相关关系（r=0.287, p=0.000），和其居群土壤环境中的有机质的含量也呈现显著的相关关系（r=0.248, p=0.000）。总盐含量和全盐含量是不同种之间土壤环境元素中主成分特征根最大（0.985, 0.976）的两个因子，蒙古沙拐枣的不同居群的果实大小和其居群土壤环境的总盐含量呈现显著的相关关系（r=0.522, p=0.000），不同种居群之间的土壤全盐含量和果实的大小之间也呈现显著的相关关系（r=0.429, p=0.000）。蒙古沙拐枣与小沙拐枣的果实形态，冠幅与植株高度的形态学分析结果显示它们具有很大的相似性，居群内和居群间果实特征的交叉现象显著存在；冠幅在居群间和两种之间显著差异，植株高度同种居群间差异显著但是在两种之间差异不显著，两种的染色体数目相同（2n=18），染色体核型公式相似；基于以上证据将小沙拐枣归并于蒙古沙拐枣，并修订蒙古沙拐枣在《中国植物志》中的描述。根据吐鲁番沙漠植物园定植的蒙古沙拐枣ISSR研究表明，其单株个体之间存在分子水平的遗传多样性。通过综合对比蒙古沙拐枣及其相关种在志书描述中的形态学特征，发现其外部形态上交叉融合，平行呈现，作为分类的依据存在困难和不确定性。细胞的研究工作证明了其在遗传上存在这一定的亲缘关系，我们认为也许是由于地理隔断的生态效应造成了外部形态，尤其是其果实形态的差异，因此我们认为蒙古沙拐枣与戈壁沙拐枣、甘肃沙拐枣、小沙拐枣和阿拉善沙拐枣其果实大小的形态差异主要是由于生境的差异造成的，由于其外部形态的相似性，建议将戈壁沙拐枣、甘肃沙拐枣、小沙拐枣、阿拉善沙拐枣归并为蒙古沙拐枣。In this paper, fieldwork and laboratory work on the combination. The research focus on the controversial taxonomic study on the Calligonum mongolicum Turcz. and its related species (C. gobicum A. Los., C. chinens A. Los., C. pumilum A. Los., C. alashanicum A. Los., C. zaidamens A. Los.e, C. roborowskii A. Los., C. jimunaicum Z. M. Mao. and so on）whose have the relationships among the individuals and populations based on 11 fruit characters, chromosome base, karyotypes, soil characteristics and genetic diversity so on, especially the taxonomic relationship between C. mongolicum and C. pumilum. The study discusses wether it is reasonable that the classification of the fruits of indicators as the basis of the feasibility study; the karyotypes studies fill a gap in the kayotypes of Calligonum, studied the causes of differences fruit size. The main researching results were as following: There are significant difference among the natural individuals and the populations based on the 11 fruit characters such as the length of fruit (LF)，width of fruit (WF), the length of seta (LS), the space between seta (SS), the space between ribs (SR)，the length of achenes(LA ) and width of achenes (WA), and to calculate the fruit form (FF = LF/WF), the achene form (AF=LA/WA), the fruit size (FZ), the achene size (AZ) and the number of rows of bristles in each rib. The degrees of variation of morphological traits in the same population are different. The individual plants within the same population of C. mongolicum and its related sapecies all indicated the significant differences in fruit morphology. There are significant differences in fruit characters among the populations in C. mongolicum, the results show that the differences of fruit characters among the populations of C. mongolicum and its related sapecies are distinct, too. Fruit traits cluster analysis results showed that the geographical distance of more recent populations can be clustered into one. The fruit traits of C. mongolicum and its related species cross a complex phenomenon. That indicate the traditional taxonomy based on the fuzzy, and the present taxonomic study is insufficient. The chromosome numbers of C. mongolicum include two types 18 & 27, there is a special rare heterologous triploid 2n =3x=27 in its M2 populations. There are diploids and triploids in this species. The karyotype formulas are 2n=2x=18=8m+10sm & 3n=3x=27=8m+8sm+2st (M2); meanwhile we find that the karyotype formulas are 2n=2x=18=8m+8sm+2st in M3 and 2n=2x=18=6m+12sm in M4，which all have the similar chromosome parameters.The karyotype formulas are 2n=2x=18=8m+8sm+2st in C. pumilum, 2n=2x=18=4m+14sm in C. gobicum，2n=2x=18=10m+8sm in C. chinens，2n=2x=18=6m+12sm in C. alashanicum. The associated habitats of soil in C. mongolicum and its related species, according to our country soil texture classification criteria can be classified as coarse sand group. Most of the soil particle size 1 mm below basically accounted for more than 50%; with soil depth in the soil N and P content changes of the complex, K changes of similar content. The habitats of soil organic matter and organic carbon changes in similarity. Soil types can be divided into 6 habitat types. The fruit size (FS) and the organic carbon content in the soil of C. mongolicum and its related species showed significant correlation（r=0.287, p=0.000）, organic matter content also showed a significant correlation between them（r=0.248，p=0.000）. The salt content and total salt content are the two biggest factors in the salinity of the soil (0.985，0.976), The fruit size (FS) and salt content in the soil of C. mongolicum and its related species showed significant correlation（r=0.522, p=0.000）, the total salt also showed a significant correlation between them(r=0.429，p=0.000). Morphological variations among individuals and populations of Calligonum mongolicum and C. pumilum are investigated in the present paper. The chromosome evidence for both species is also presented in this paper and found to be the same (2n = 18), combining the overlap and variation in the characters of morphology, there are variable and overlapping states of NRR in C. mongolicum and C. pumilumthe similar variational ranges and complexes relationships of fruit characters, Because of the overlap and variation in the characters of canopy area (CA) and heights (H) of C. mongolicum and C. pumilum these traits are not taxonomically reliable to distinguish these two species. We suggest that C. pumilum should be placed into C. mongolicum and we further discuss improvements for the description of C. mongolicum in Flora of China. Through comparing the description of C. mongolicum and its related species in the Flora of China and our observation, we found there are variable and overlapping states among the morphologies of C. mongolicum and its related species, especially the key taxonomic characters---fruit characters can not be used as straightforward and feasible evidence. According to the ISSR analyses results on C. mongolicum, which are planted in Turpan Desert Botanical Garden, there are certain genetic diversities among the individuals in C. mongolicum. Cytological researches prove C. mongolicum, C. pumilum, C. gobicum, C. chinense and C. alashanicum have the same chromosome number and the similar karyotypes, combine the significant correlation between fruit size and its soil content, we think the geo-ecological effects cause the external morphology variety among them, due to they have similar external morphology and similar karyotypes, we suggeust that C. pumilum, C. gobicum, C. chinense and C. alashanicum can be placed into C. mongolicum. |
| 学科主题 | 林学 |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 公开日期 | 2010-11-12 |
| 页码 | 共128页 |
| 源URL | [http://ir.xjlas.org/handle/365004/8406]  |
| 专题 | 新疆生态与地理研究所_中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所(2010年以前数据) |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 师玮. 蒙古沙拐枣（Calligonum mongolicum）及其相关种的分类学研究[D]. 中国科学院．新疆生态与地理研究所. 2009. |
入库方式： OAI收割
来源：新疆生态与地理研究所
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