准噶尔荒漠150种植物传播体形态特征及其生态适应
文献类型：学位论文
| 作者 | 宋明方 |
| 学位类别 | 硕士 |
| 答辩日期 | 2009 |
| 授予单位 | 中国科学院．新疆生态与地理研究所 |
| 授予地点 | 北京 |
| 导师 | 张道远，中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所 |
| 关键词 | 准噶尔荒漠 |
| 其他题名 | Study on Diaspore Characteristics and Ecological Adaptation of 150 Species from the Junggar Desert |
| 学位专业 | 植物学 |
| 中文摘要 | 本文研究了准噶尔荒漠地区28科102属150种植物传播体（55种为种子，95种为果实）的形态特征，主要包括重量、大小、形状、颜色、附属物、多态性及粘液繁殖体特性等多个方面，探讨了其传播方式和散布型及其对荒漠环境的生态适应策略。研究结果表明： 1）传播体单粒重可分为4个级别，从0.0010mg（涩芥）到193.1788mg（蒙古苍耳）不等，其中小于1mg的有67种（44.67%）；传播体三维平均方差可分为7个级别，从0.003（小叶碱蓬）到0.364（角果藜）不等，其中介于0.031~0.120之间的有103种（68.67%）；传播体形状可分为9种，其中接近圆球形或卵圆形的有95种（63.33%）；传播体轻而圆的有45种，其中21种（46.67%）为一年生草本或短命植物；传播体颜色可分为8个组别，其中属褐色系的有103种（68.67%）；具典型附属物的有85种（56.67%）；具传播体多态性的有5种（鞑靼滨藜、盐角草、盐地碱蓬、角果碱蓬、紫翅猪毛菜），具地上地下结实性的有1种（角果藜）；具粘液繁殖体现象的有24种（18.33%），集中于菊科、十字花科、唇形科和车前科，其中粘沙能力较大的有盐生车前、光苞独行菜、庭荠和栉叶蒿等。 2）植物的传播方式和散布型是由其传播体形态特征和传播媒介共同决定的，综合分析后可将这150种植物的散布型分为8种，其中某些物种在不同情况下还可能采取不同的传播方式，体现了其生态适应的多样性。 3）不同科、不同生态型植物之间传播体重量差异不显著而形状差异显著，不同生活型植物之间传播体重量和形状差异均不显著，不同散布型植物之间传播体重量和形状差异均显著，说明传播体重量和形状对其传播方式起着决定性的作用。 4） 粘液繁殖体是某些荒漠植物降低位移、适应流沙或干旱环境的一种有效手段。本研究发现24种植物具有粘液繁殖体，但在粘沙能力和适应不同粘液溶出条件等方面表现出物种之间的差异性。上述研究表明，沙生植物、旱生植物、盐生植物和中生植物在长期进化过程中分别形成了与其生态环境相适应的传播体形态特征和扩散方式。Diaspore characteristics of 22 families, including 102 genera, 150 species (55 represented by seeds and 95 by fruits) from the Junggar Desert were analyzed for weight, size, shape, color, appendage type, dimorphism, myxospermy and dispersal type. We discuss 1) the significant differences among families, life forms, ecotypes and dispersal types and; 2) the relationship between characteristics and dispersal adaptation to the desert ecological environment. The air-dried weight of 100 diaspores was measured for five replicates of each species. The shapes of the diaspores were determined by the variance of three measured dimensions (length, width, and height; ten replicates of each species). Appendages were included in the measurements if they had important functions for dispersal. Other traits were determined by observation and comparison. Of the 150 species examined, six (4.00%) had a single diaspore weight of less than 0.1 mg, 61 (40.67%) had a single diaspore weight between 0.1~0.9999 mg, 66 (45.00%) had a single diaspore weight between 1~9.9999 mg, and 17 (11.33%) had a single diaspore weight of more than 10 mg. The variance of the three dimensions ranged between 0.003 and 0.364. Forty five species (21 of these being annual herbs and ephemerals, accounting for 46.67%) had a diaspore weight less than 1 mg and were close to spherical in shape (variance less than 0.090). One hundred and three species (68.67%) had a brown-colored diaspore. Diaspores of 85 species (56.67%) had appendages, including 26 with wings/bracts, 18 with pappus/hair, 14 with hooks/spines, 10 with awns, and 17 with other types of appendages. Five species were heterodiasporous and one species was amphicarpous. Twenty four species had myxospermic diasporas, accounting for 18.33% of the total study materials, focus on Compositae, Cruciferae, Labiatae and Plantaginaceae. In both treatments, i.e. watering with 2 mm rainfall and soaking for 20 min, big changes of seed weight after sand-holding happened in the species such as Plantago maritime, Lepidium latifolium, Alyssum desertorum and Neopallasia pectinata. Meanwhile, the changes of seed weight were bigger in the latter treatment than the former one. Mini-weight diasporas with less than 0.5 mg usually had stronger sand-holding capacity, and there were differences in the mean amount of sands held by mucilaginous seeds and the weight increment of sand-holding seeds between different species. In general, plants had three different dispersal modes: abiotic, biotic, and autochoric. Dispersal can be further divided into eight types, with some species utilizing multiple types of dispersal. Diaspore size showed significant differences among dispersal types but no significant differences among families, life forms and ecotypes, while the diaspore shape showed significant differences among families, ecotypes and dispersal types but no significant differences among life forms. Species with different ecotypes, including Psammophyte, Xerophyte, Halophyte and Mesophyte, had different dispersal modes and adaptation strategies. |
| 学科主题 | 植物生态学 |
| 公开日期 | 2010-11-12 |
| 页码 | 共79页 |
| 源URL | [http://ir.xjlas.org/handle/365004/8414]  |
| 专题 | 新疆生态与地理研究所_中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所(2010年以前数据) |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 宋明方. 准噶尔荒漠150种植物传播体形态特征及其生态适应[D]. 北京. 中国科学院．新疆生态与地理研究所. 2009. |
入库方式： OAI收割
来源：新疆生态与地理研究所
浏览0
下载0
收藏0
其他版本
除非特别说明，本系统中所有内容都受版权保护，并保留所有权利。