古尔班通古特沙漠南部植被-生境空间变异研究
文献类型：学位论文
| 作者 | 杨海峰 |
| 学位类别 | 硕士 |
| 答辩日期 | 2009 |
| 授予单位 | 中国科学院．新疆生态与地理研究所 |
| 授予地点 | 北京 |
| 导师 | 钱亦兵，新疆生态与地理研究所 |
| 关键词 | 土壤理化性状 |
| 其他题名 | Study on spatial variability of vegetation -environment in the southern Gurbantunggut Desert |
| 学位专业 | 环境科学 |
| 中文摘要 | 古尔班通古特沙漠位于新疆准噶尔盆地中央低洼部分，是我国第二大沙漠，也是我国最大的固定、半固定沙漠。其特殊的地理位置决定了生态系统的脆弱性。本文在古尔班通古特沙漠南部梧桐沟地区选取典型地段作为研究对象，通过采用地统计学分析方法，运用空间变异理论和常规统计方法研究了植被、土壤的空间异质性，对了解整个古尔班通古特沙漠南部生态系统结构、功能和演变，植物生存立地条件等，具有的重要科学和实践指导意义。本文通过初步分析得到以下结论： （1）研究区统计到高等植物59种，分属19科55属。其中小半乔木2种，梭梭Haloxylon ammodendron和白梭梭Haloxylon persicum，构成以这两种植物为主要建群种的群落。灌木2种（白皮沙拐枣Calligonum leucocladum，蛇麻黄Ephedra distachya），小半灌木3种（沙漠绢蒿Seriphidium santolinum，沙蒿Artemisia arenaria，白茎绢蒿Seriphidium terrae-albae），草本植物52种，寄生植物1种。（2）对物种多样性特征分析发现群落物种多样性和生态优势度随着地貌地形的变化呈现出明显的空间异质性。随着地形地貌的变化，草本层片和乔灌木多样性指数从垄间地到垄顶多样性逐渐增高，二者的变化趋势基本一致。但总体来说，草本多样性指数要明显高于乔灌木多样性指数，其 PIE约为0.6。而从生态优势度C看，草本层片的生态优势度明显低于乔灌木。（3）植被空间变异分析表明，草本PIE 和植被盖度均属于球状模型，乔灌木PIE 属于指数模型，其决定系数分别为0.839、0.744和0.726，说明模型在实际应用中具有较好的使用性。通过Kriging插值分析，植被盖度与研究区地形变化表现出了极好的相关性，乔灌木多样性指数PIE所表现出来的空间异质性与地形也呈现出一定的相关性，而草本多样性指数PIE与地形关系表现不是很明显，这主要是由于草本多样性指数除与地形有关外，可能还与其它因素有关，如物种竞争，垄间地结皮发育，土壤盐碱化等有关。（4）土壤水分空间变异分析发现，沙垄相同部位的土壤平均含水量总是次表层（10～30cm）大于表层（0～10cm），并且含水量的变异系数也是前者大于后者。不同地貌部位土壤含水量的变化趋势：表层为垄顶>迎风坡>背风坡>垄间地，次表层为迎风坡>垄顶>垄间地>背风坡。表层和次表层含水量的空间变异理论模型均为指数模型。（5）土壤pH、电导率、有机质及全N含量空间变异分析表明，研究区风沙土属性参数都表现出明显的空间相关性，较好地拟合了半方差模型。块金值与基台值的比值范围为11.91%～25.46%，结构性因素对研究区土壤特征的空间变异性起主导作用。研究区风沙土各属性参数和地貌形态有一定的相关性，尤其有机质和全N含量更为明显，这主要与沙漠表层土壤的再分配以及植被、生物结皮分布状况有关。（6）植被物种多样性指数与环境因子之间的回归分析发现，乔灌木和草本物种多样性指数PIE均与土壤粒度均值（Mz）、粉沙、有机质、全N含量、分选系数（σ）和粘土含量表现出显著或极显著的负相关关系，而与粗沙含量表现出显著的正相关关系。Gurbantunggut Desert, located in central parts of Junggar Basin in Xinjiang, is the second largest desert and the largest fixed and semi-fixed desert in China. The special geographical location determines the vulnerability of local ecosystem. Taking typical section of Wutonggou in the southern desert as a study area, this paper studies the spatial heterogeneity of vegetation and soil which has an important guiding significance for science and practice to understand the structure, function and evolution of the ecosystem and the growth and survival conditions of vegetation. Preliminary analyses obtained the following conclusions: （1） Statistically, there is a total of 59 species of higher plants, belonging to 55 genera, 19 families in the area. That is, two small semi-trees, Haloxylon persicum and Haloxylon ammodendron, constructing two kinds of community; two shrubs, Calligonum leucocladum and Ephedra distachya; three small semi-shrubs, Seriphidium santolinum, Artemisia arenaria and Seriphidium terrae-albae; 52 herbs and one parasitic plant. （2） Species diversity analysis shows that species diversity and ecological dominance have significant a spatial heterogeneity. With the changes of topography, diversity indices of herbs and arbor-shrub gradually increase from the inter-dunes to crests. Generally, the diversity indices of herbs are significantly higher than that of arbor-shrub plants（P<0.05）, and the PIE are about 0.6. However, the ecological dominance C of herbs are significantly lower than that of arbor-shrub plants（P<0.05）. （3） By analysis of the spatial variability of vegetation, the herbaceous PIE and vegetation coverage are spherical models, while the PIE of arbor-shrub belongs to exponential model. Their coefficients are respectively 0.839, 0.744 and 0.726, which suggests high practicality of the models. By Kriging interpolation, the vegetation coverage shows an excellent correlation with topography; the spatial heterogeneity demonstrated by PIE of arbor-shrub also has certain relevance with topography; while the relationship between the herbaceous PIE and the topography is not very clear, which may be related to the herbaceous diversity and also to other factors, as species competition, crust developing and soil salinization at inter-dunes. （4） The spatial variability of soil moisture indicates that the water contents of sub-surface soil （10-30cm） are always higher than that of the topsoil （0-10cm） at same parts of dunes. The content of soil moisture at different position is that crest > windward slope > leeward slope > inter-dunes at surface and windward slope > crest > inter-dunes > leeward slope at sub-surface. Soil water contentsat surface and sub-surface both belong to exponential models. （5） The spatial variability of soil pH, conductivity, organic matter and total N shows that these parameters are significantly relevant, fitted semi-variance model well. Ratio of nugget to sill value range 11.91%-25.46%. Structural factors play a leading role in spatial variability of soil characteristics. Attribute parameters of eolian sand soil have certain relevance with topography, particularly organic matter and total N, which mainly is related to redistribution of surface soil and distribution of vegetation and bio-crust. （6）Correlation and regression analysis of species diversity of vegetation and environmental factors show that PIE of both arbor-shrub and herb plants are significant or highly significant negative-correlation with mean soil particle size （Mz）, silt, organic matter, total N, sorting coefficient （σ） and clay, but significant positive-correlation with coarse sands. |
| 学科主题 | 植物生态学 |
| 公开日期 | 2010-11-12 |
| 页码 | 共51页 |
| 源URL | [http://ir.xjlas.org/handle/365004/8508]  |
| 专题 | 新疆生态与地理研究所_中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所(2010年以前数据) |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 杨海峰. 古尔班通古特沙漠南部植被-生境空间变异研究[D]. 北京. 中国科学院．新疆生态与地理研究所. 2009. |
入库方式： OAI收割
来源：新疆生态与地理研究所
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