[1] The patterns, components, and controls of soil respiration in an old-growth subtropical forest were investigated using an automatic chamber system. We measured soil respiration in three treatments (control, trenching, litter removal) over 15 months. The annual total soil respiration (1248 gC m^–2 yr^–1) showed considerable spatial variation (coefficient of variation = 27.8%) within the forest. Thirty samples were required to obtain results within 10% of the mean value at a 95% confidential level. A distinctive cosine-like diel pattern of soil respiration was observed; the time lag between gross primary production and soil respiration at this scale was calculated to be 4–5 h. Seasonality of soil respiration was strong (~1 µmol m^–2 s^–1 near the end of winter; ~6 µmol m^–2 s^–1 in midsummer). No time lag was discerned between gross primary production and soil respiration at the seasonal scale. Soil temperature at 5 cm below surface can explain most (>91%) of the observed annual variation in soil respiration. The apparent respiration temperature sensitivity index (Q₁₀) was 3.05. The lowest Q₁₀ value was observed in winter, when soil moisture was low. Soil respiration was overestimated by a Q₁₀ function during both dry and wet periods. The relative contributions of soil organic matter (R_SOM), litterfall decomposition (R_L), and root respiration (R_R) to total soil respiration are 65.25%, 18.73%, and 16.01%, respectively; the temperature sensitivity of these components differ: R_L (Q₁₀ = 7.22) > R_SOM (2.73) > R_R (1.65). This relationship between Q₁₀ values for litter respiration, soil organic matter decomposition, and root respiration still holds after minimizing the confounding effect of moisture. A relatively constant substrate supply and/or thermal acclimation could account for the observed low-temperature sensitivity in root respiration. Given the high carbon stocks and fluxes, the old-growth subtropical forests of China seem important in the global carbon budget and climate change.