Growth traits, largely determined by muscle growth, are the most critical economic traits in shrimp breeding. Myostatin (Mstn) is a conserved inhibitor of muscle growth in vertebrates, but until now solid evidence supporting a similar function of Mstn in invertebrates has been lacking. In the present study, we examined the Mstn expression along with growth trait data in a Fenneropenaeus chinensis population, to establish a potential correlation between Mstn and growth. The heritabilities of FcMstn expression, body weight at 190 days of culture, body weight and length at 230 days of culture, and average daily gain were estimated using 773 individuals and a thirteen-generation pedigree. The results showed FcMstn expression was negatively correlated with the growth traits, and the mean FcMstn expression in females was significantly lower than that of males, indicating Mstn negatively regulates muscle growth in shrimp, and its lower expression may underscore the faster growth of females. Low heritabilities were detected for FcMstn expression, suggesting that the expression of Mstn might be heritable in shrimp. These results provide strong support for a growth inhibitory function of Mstn in F. chinensis, and suggest a potential method for selective breeding of this species without substantial experimental resources and labor force.