High altitude species, high profits: Can the trade in wild harvested Fritillaria cirrhosa (Liliaceae) be sustained?
文献类型：期刊论文
| 作者 | Cunningham, A. B.1,3; Brinckmann, J. A.8; Pei, S. -J.6; Luo, P.7; Schippmann, U.2; Long, X.4; Bi, Y. -F.5 |
| 刊名 | JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY
 |
| 出版日期 | 2019-09-15 |
| 卷号 | 223期号:2018页码:142-151 |
| ISSN号 | 0378-8741 |
| 关键词 | Fritillaria cirrhosa chuanbeimu Fritillariae Cirrhosae Bulbus Bulb harvest Cross-border trade CITES |
| DOI | 10.1016/j.jep.2018.05.004 |
| 产权排序 | 5 |
| 文献子类 | Review |
| 英文摘要 | Ethnopharmacological relevance: Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don bulbs contain alkaloids and are one of the most intensively exploited alpine Himalayan medicinal species. In terms of proprietary medicines, our study shows that 210 F. cirrhosa products are offered by 46 suppliers, most of which (44) are situated in China and two in Nepal. A widespread commercial use is as one of the main ingredients in cough syrups. A well known example is "Nin Jiom Pei Pa Koa Herbal Cough & Throat Syrup", which typically contains more F. cirrhosa than any other herbal ingredient in the formulation. The biggest market for F. cirrhosa bulbs is China, where demand exceeds supply of this wild harvested species for use in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Cross-border trade from Nepal to China occurs in significant quantities. Bhutan also imports F. cirrhosa bulbs from Nepal. In addition, F. cirrhosa is registered as an active ingredient in traditional herbal medicinal preparations in Australia, Canada, Hong Kong SAR, Malaysia, Republic of Korea, Singapore and Taiwan. There is also an export trade in F. cirrhosa to Europe. Assessing how much F. cirrhosa is traded is complex, however, due to a "look-alike" challenge, as nine Chinese Fritillaria species are traded in Europe (Fritillaria cirrhosa, F. delavayi, F. hupehensis, F. pallidiflora, F. przewalskii, F. thunbergii, F. unibracteata, F. ussuriensis and F. walujewii). Aims of the study: The aims of this review were to assess the scale of the global trade in F. cirrhosa, and to synthesise studies of the impacts of wild harvest on F. cirrhosa populations and on the extent of emerging cultivation initiatives as an alternative to wild harvest. Methods: Firstly, we reviewed published information on studies on impacts of wild F. cirrhosa harvest from across the geographic range of this species. Secondly, global trade data for F. cirrhosa were analysed. Results: The principal demand for F. cirrhosa bulbs is in China, where hundreds of different companies produce Fritillaria preparations. Trade data also show that in 2013, China exported over 44 tonnes of F. cirrhosa bulbs to Taiwan and 26.7 tonnes to the Republic of Korea. Extensive commercial use and limited wild stocks result in a high price (2000 - 3800 CNY per kg (around US$ 303-560 per kg in 2017)) for F. cirrhosa bulbs. Prices of cultivated Fritillaria bulbs are much lower (600-680 CNY per kg in 2017) than wild harvested bulbs. But due to very specific growth requirements of F. cirrhosa, cultivation is not yet able to meet total demand. The consequence is continued exploitation of wild stocks. At the same time, however, an increasing proportion of the demand is met by cultivation of alternative Fritillaria species that are easier to grow than F. cirrhosa. The air-dry mass of F. cirrhosa bulbs varies between 0.0917 and 0.1116 g per bulb. This represents 8960-10,900 bulbs/kg or 8.9 - 10.9 million bulbs per tonne. Current demand therefore represents billions of bulbs per year. Conclusions: Demand for F. cirrhosa bulbs, particularly from China, makes this species one of the most intensively harvested alpine Himalayan medicinal bulbs. Although F. cirrhosa is listed as a Class III protected species in China, billions of these tiny, wild harvested bulbs are sold per year. Due to demand exceeding supply, the price of F. cirrhosa bulbs has increased dramatically. Between 2002 and 2017, for example, the price of wild harvested F. cirrhosa bulbs increased over nine-fold, from the equivalent of US$60 in 2002 to US$560 per kg in 2017. To date, cultivation has been unable to meet the entire market demand for F. cirrhosa bulbs, although other Fritillaria species are successfully cultivated on a larger scale. |
| 学科主题 | Pharmacology & Toxicology |
| URL标识 | 查看原文 |
| WOS关键词 | MEDICINAL-PLANTS ; BIODIVERSITY |
| WOS研究方向 | Plant Sciences ; Pharmacology & Pharmacy ; Integrative & Complementary Medicine |
| 语种 | 英语 |
| 出版者 | ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD |
| WOS记录号 | WOS:000437383400014 |
| 源URL | [http://210.75.237.14/handle/351003/30155]  |
| 专题 | 生物多样性与生态系统服务领域_生态研究 |
| 作者单位 | 1.Chinese Acad Sci, Kunming Inst Bot, 132 Lanhei Rd, Kunming, Yunnan, Peoples R China; 2.Bundesamt Nat Schutz BfN, Konstantinstr 110, D-53179 Bonn, Germany; 3.Univ KwaZulu Natal, Sch Life Sci, King Edward Ave, ZA-3209 Pietermaritzburg, South Africa; 4.Chengdu Tiandi Net Informat Technol Ltd, 7,1 Chengfei Rd, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, Peoples R China; 5.Chinese Acad Sci, Kunming Inst Bot, Key Lab Econ Plants & Biotechnol, 132 Lanhei Rd, Kunming, Yunnan, Peoples R China 6.Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 132# Lanhei Road, Heilongtan, Kunming, Yunnan, China; 7.Chinese Acad Sci, Chengdu Inst Biol, 9 Sect 4,Renmin Nan Rd, Chengdu, Sichuan, Peoples R China; 8.Tradit Med, 4515 Ross Rd, Sebastopol, CA 95472 USA; |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | Cunningham, A. B.,Brinckmann, J. A.,Pei, S. -J.,et al. High altitude species, high profits: Can the trade in wild harvested Fritillaria cirrhosa (Liliaceae) be sustained?[J]. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY,2019,223(2018):142-151. |
| APA | Cunningham, A. B..,Brinckmann, J. A..,Pei, S. -J..,Luo, P..,Schippmann, U..,...&Bi, Y. -F..(2019).High altitude species, high profits: Can the trade in wild harvested Fritillaria cirrhosa (Liliaceae) be sustained?.JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY,223(2018),142-151. |
| MLA | Cunningham, A. B.,et al."High altitude species, high profits: Can the trade in wild harvested Fritillaria cirrhosa (Liliaceae) be sustained?".JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 223.2018(2019):142-151. |
入库方式： OAI收割
来源：成都生物研究所
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