Purpose Significant changes in the runoff and sediment load have been detected in many catchments of the Loess Plateau. These changes are expected to be influenced by the interplay of climate variability and human activities. Quantitatively evaluating these effects is crucial for framing climate variability adaptation measures and the assessment and management of regional water resources. 
Materials and methods Based on the annual rainfall, runoff, and sediment load data taken over the period from 1974 to 2013 and using data from 112 flood events, this study investigates the runoff and sediment load variations at the annual scale and distinguishes the impacts of climate variability and human activities at the event scale. The Mann-Kendall test and Pettitt’s test are employed to detect the trends and abrupt change points of the annual runoff and sediment load. Rainfall and land surface
conditions play a dominant role in the runoff and sediment yield of flood events. However, vegetation recovery, which benefits from the Grain-for-Green project and the construction of check dams has greatly changed the land surface condition, resulting in a reduction in streamflow energy, hydrological connectivity, and flood peaks. Therefore, for two flood events with similar rainfall conditions but different runoff and sediment yield, the differences in the runoff and sediment load within paired events may be
attributed to the changes in the land surface condition induced by human activities.
Results and discussion The results showed that the annual runoff and sediment load has significantly decreasing trends (p < 0.05). The abrupt changing point was detected in 1996, dividing the runoff and sediment load series into a baseline period (1974–1995) and a changing period (1996–2013). At the flood event scale, the hysteresis analysis showed that the counterclockwise and figure-eight loops are the main patterns for both of the periods. The relationships between the runoff depth (H) and
sediment yield (SY) varied greatly in 2007–2013 compared with those during 1974–1989. Human activities accounted for an average of 47 and 81%for the changes in the runoff and sediment load, respectively, and the remainder was attributable to climate variability.
Conclusions Human activities have a greater effect on the sediment load reduction in the Xichuan River catchment, while climate
variability accounted for more of the runoff changes.