Infrared observations of the flaring maser source G358.93-0.03: SOFIA confirms an accretion burst from a massive young stellar object
文献类型：期刊论文
| 作者 | Stecklum, B.2; Wolf, V.2; Linz, H.3; Caratti o Garatti, A.4; Schmidl, S.2; Klose, S.2; Eisloeffel, J.2; Fischer, Ch.1; Brogan, C.5; Burns, R. A.6,12 |
| 刊名 | ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS
 |
| 出版日期 | 2021-02-25 |
| 卷号 | 646页码:A161 |
| 关键词 | accretion accretion disks stars: formation stars: protostars stars: individual: G358 93-0 03 radiative transfer |
| ISSN号 | 0004-6361 |
| DOI | 10.1051/0004-6361/202039645 |
| 产权排序 | 17 |
| 英文摘要 | Context. Class II methanol masers are signposts of massive young stellar objects (MYSOs). Recent evidence shows that flares of these masers are driven by MYSO accretion bursts. Thus, maser monitoring can be used to identify such bursts which are hard to discover otherwise. Infrared observations reveal burst-induced changes in the spectral energy distribution (first and foremost a luminosity increase), which provide valuable information on a very intense phase of high-mass star formation.Aims. In mid-January 2019, flaring of the 6.7 GHz CH3OH maser (hereafter maser) of the MYSO G358.93-0.03 (hereafter G358) was reported. The international maser community initiated an extensive observational campaign which revealed extraordinary maser activity and yielded the detection of numerous new masering transitions. Interferometric imaging with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array and the Submillimeter Array resolved the maser emitting core of the star forming region and proved the association of the masers with the brightest continuum source (MM1), which hosts a hot molecular core. These observations, however, failed to detect a significant rise in the (sub)millimeter dust continuum emission. Therefore, we performed near-infrared (NIR) and far-infrared (FIR) observations to prove or disprove whether the CH3OH flare was driven by an accretion burst.Methods. NIR imaging with the Gamma-Ray Burst Optical/Near-infrared Detector has been acquired and integral-field spectroscopy with the Field-Imaging Far-Infrared Line Spectrometer (FIFI-LS) aboard the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) was carried out on two occasions to detect possible counterparts to the (sub)millimeter sources and compare their photometry to archival measurements. The comparison of pre-burst and burst spectral energy distributions is of crucial importance to judge whether a substantial luminosity increase, caused by an accretion burst, is present and if it triggered the maser flare. Radiative transfer modeling of the spectral energy distribution (SED) of the dust continuum emission at multiple epochs provides valuable information on the bursting MYSO.Results. The FIR fluxes of MM1 measured with FIFI-LS exceed those from Herschel significantly, which clearly confirms the presence of an accretion burst. The second epoch data, taken about 16 months later, still show increased fluxes. Our radiative transfer modeling yielded major burst parameters and suggests that the MYSO features a circumstellar disk which might be transient. From the pre-burst, burst, and post-burst SEDs, conclusions on heating and cooling time-scales could be drawn. Circumstances of the burst-induced maser relocation have been explored.Conclusions. The verification of the accretion burst from G358 is another confirmation that Class II methanol maser flares represent an alert for such events. Thus, monitoring of these masers greatly enhances the chances of identifying MYSOs during periods of intense growth. The few events known to date already indicate that there is a broad range in burst strength and duration as well as environmental characteristics. The G358 event is the shortest and least luminous accretion burst known to date. According to models, bursts of this kind occur most often. |
| URL标识 | 查看原文 |
| 资助项目 | German Aerospace Center (DLR)[50OR1718] ; European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon2020 research and innovation programme[743029] ; Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation[075-15-2020-780] ; Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation[780-10] ; Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation[N13.1902.21.0039] ; Government of Russian Federation ; DFG[HA 1850/28-1] ; Thuringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg ; NASA[NNA17BF53C] ; Deutsches SOFIA Institut (DSI) under DLR contract[50 OK 0901] ; National Aeronautics and Space Administration ; [E-181.C-0885] ; [E-78.F-9040(A)] ; [M-079.C-9501(A)] ; [M-081.C-9501(A)] |
| WOS研究方向 | Astronomy & Astrophysics |
| 语种 | 英语 |
| WOS记录号 | WOS:000624483200001 |
| 出版者 | EDP SCIENCES S A |
| 资助机构 | German Aerospace Center (DLR) ; European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon2020 research and innovation programme ; Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation ; Government of Russian Federation ; DFG ; Thuringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg ; NASA ; Deutsches SOFIA Institut (DSI) under DLR contract ; National Aeronautics and Space Administration |
| 源URL | [http://ir.xao.ac.cn/handle/45760611-7/3964]  |
| 专题 | 星系宇宙学研究团组 |
| 通讯作者 | Stecklum, B. |
| 作者单位 | 1.Univ Stuttgart, Deutsch SOFIA Inst, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany 2.Thuringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg, Sternwarte 5, D-07778 Tautenburg, Germany 3.Max Planck Inst Astron, Konigstuhl 17, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany 4.Dublin Inst Adv Studies, 31 Fitzwilliam Pl, Dublin D02 XF86, Ireland 5.Natl Radio Astron Observ, 520 Edgemont Rd, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA 6.Natl Astron Observ Japan, Mizusawa VLBI Observ, Osawa 2-21-1, Mizusawa, Tokyo 1818588, Japan 7.Joint Inst VLBI ERIC, Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, NL-7991 PD Dwingeloo, Netherlands 8.RAS, PN Lebedev Phys Inst, Astro Space Ctr, 84-32 Profsoyuznaya St, Moscow 117997, Russia 9.Univ St Andrews, Sch Phys & Astron, SUPA, St Andrews KY16 9SS, Fife, Scotland 10.Ctr Astrophys Harvard Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | Stecklum, B.,Wolf, V.,Linz, H.,et al. Infrared observations of the flaring maser source G358.93-0.03: SOFIA confirms an accretion burst from a massive young stellar object[J]. ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS,2021,646:A161. |
| APA | Stecklum, B..,Wolf, V..,Linz, H..,Caratti o Garatti, A..,Schmidl, S..,...&Yonekura, Y..(2021).Infrared observations of the flaring maser source G358.93-0.03: SOFIA confirms an accretion burst from a massive young stellar object.ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS,646,A161. |
| MLA | Stecklum, B.,et al."Infrared observations of the flaring maser source G358.93-0.03: SOFIA confirms an accretion burst from a massive young stellar object".ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS 646(2021):A161. |
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