Phosphorus-containing porous organic polymers with a flexible porous structure, high surface area, and diversified modification potential show a promising prospect in heterogeneous catalysis. For the lack of review on the preparation of phosphorus-containing porous organic polymers and their applications in heterogeneous catalysis, herein, we retrospect their developments and advances in the past decade. Phosphorus-containing porous organic polymers have a great progress in preparation, including coupling polycondensation, organolithiation route, Friedel-Crafts polycondensation, solvothermal olefin polymerization, scholl polycondensation, phenolic polymerization, aldimine condensation, phosphating of poly-pyrylium salts, and multi-stage polymerization, etc. Due to the excellent coordination ability of phosphorus-containing porous organic polymers, metal nanoparticle or even metal single-atom (or single site) catalysts can be prepared by loading these polymers with different metal species. In phosphorus containing porous organic polymers based catalytic systems, phosphorus can not only induce the distribution of metal species but also modify their electronic and steric properties, thus they can regulatethe activity and selectivity of catalysts.