木质素缓释肥料和生物肥料的研究
文献类型：学位论文
| 作者 | 张小勇 |
| 学位类别 | 博士 |
| 答辩日期 | 1999-08 |
| 授予单位 | 中国科学院研究生院 |
| 导师 | 李佐虎 |
| 关键词 | 黑液 木质素 生物酸析法 氨化 缓释肥 生物肥料 固氮菌 磷细菌 增产菌 根瘤菌 生态农业 |
| 其他题名 | Study on Lignin Slow-Release Fertilizer and Biological Fertilizer |
| 中文摘要 | 本论文研究针对当前环境保护和可再生资源利用领域的热点问题，从造纸废液木质素分离和木质素利用这两个关键问题入手，以降低木质素分离成本和木质素资源化利用为手段，研制用途广、需求大、附加值高的木质素缓释肥和生物肥料，进而探讨生物因氮的工程问题，试图达到利用木质素和治理造纸废水的双重目的。研究内容包括三个方面：（1）碱法造纸黑液木质素生物酸析法。（2）用工业木质素和天然木质素制备有机缓释肥料。（3）用工业木质素制备生物肥料。1 碱法造纸黑液木质素生物酸析法 探讨了用产酸酵母菌 BLY-1 和 SSY-6 对碱法造纸黑液进行产酸发酵，使黑液由碱性变酸性，进而沉淀分离木质素的方法和影响因素。提出完全生物酸析法和部分生物酸析法的操作程序和条件。通过实验确定出最佳条件为：黑液起始pH10，固形物含量75g/L，发酵温度35 ℃，静止厌氧培养48～72h，完全生物酸析法需加入少量的碳源，黑液pH可以降到5以下，木质素提取率达到90%以上；部分生物酸析法不加入碳源，黑液pH可以降到6.5左右。碳源的加入可以用各种富含碳水化合物的废料充当。生物酸析法具有以下优点：（1）可以节省无机酸的用量，降低木质素分离成本；（2）微生物菌体具有促凝作用，可以加快木质素沉淀分离的速度；（3）生物酸析法的治污效果较好；（4）生物酸析法适合多种原料的浆种碱法黑液木质素的分离。2 用工业木质素和天然木质素制备有机缓释肥料 研究了草浆木质素的化学加氨影响因素和原料配比及氨化反应过程活性基团的变化情况，确定出氨化反应最佳反应条件为：温度140 ℃，氧压1.25Mpa，时间120min。反应终结pH6.0，原料配比为木质素（纯度 48.99%）：浓氨水：水 ＝ 1kg：2L：4L，氨化反应与木质素分子中的羧基和羰基的含量密切相关。反应产物氨化木质素含氮量为20%左右（以木质素为基准）。研究了天然木质素瓜子壳、核桃壳、杰核壳三种原料化学加氨的影响因素。实验表明天然木质素原料氨化的反应温度比工业木质素高，反应时间较长，氨化产物的含氮量较低（含氮量为 3.9%-6.7%）；用过氧化氢作氧化剂比用氧气作氧化剂，氨化效率高。采用过氧化氢作氧化剂对草浆黑液木质素进行化学加氨。最佳原料配比为：木质素；氨水；过氧化氢：水 = 1kg：1.7L：0.3L：4L，最佳反应条件为：反应温度100 ℃，反应时间60min。与用氧气作氧化剂相比具有不需耐压设备，反应时间缩短一半，反应温度降低40左右，氨利用率提高的优点。3 用工业木质素制备生物肥料 对生物肥料的供试菌固氮菌CN—2和磷细菌CP—5进行了与作物增产机理有关的生理特性研究。证实固氮菌CN—2具有较高的斜面纯培养物固氮活性，小麦播种时接种固氮菌，可以定殖在小麦苗根际并有较高的固氮活性，能显著改善小麦氮素供应，使苗干重、苗含氮量比对照均有较大幅度的提高。固氮菌CN—2还具有分泌吲哚乙酸（IAA）类植物激素的功能。证实磷细菌CP-5在摇瓶培养中具有溶解Ca_3(PO_4)_2的能力，培养温度35 ℃时，溶磷能力最佳；盆栽试验显示，磷细菌可以定殖在小麦苗根际，能较大幅度地提高小麦苗含磷量和苗干重。磷细菌CP-5还具有分泌赤霉素类植物激素的功能。在常压和常温培养条件下，研究了以木质素为载体，以玉米秸秆粉为疏松剂进行固氮菌CN-2固体发酵的影响因素，确定出适用的培养时间、培养温度、固液比、接种量、料层厚度等发酵参数。在温度30～35 ℃下，固液比为 1：4，接种量为 10%，料层厚度为7.5cm的较佳条件下，培养48h，固氮菌活菌数最高可达470亿／克。周期变温培养对于以木质素为载体的大多数有益土壤微生物固体发酵具有一定的促进作用，其中在对数期中进行周期变温培养效果最明显，在迟缓期中效果不大。周期变压培养对于以木质素为载体的所有有益土壤微生物供试菌株固体发酵具有显著的影响，有微生物培养的各个时期进行周期变压培养对微生物的生长均有促进作用，其中在对数期中进行周期变压培养效果最佳。变温培养活菌数最高可达540亿／克，变压培养活菌数最高可达970亿／克，大大高于微生物肥料的商品标准。 |
| 英文摘要 | From the points of lignin separation and utilization, this paper dealt with the problems of environment control and utilization of reproducible resource and tried to solve the utilization of lignin and pollution of pulp waste water by means of reducing the cost of lignin separation and making wide usage, marketable, valuable ammonified lignin slow-release fertilizer and lignin biological fertilizer. The destinations were both lignin utilization and pollution control of pulp wastewater. The research contents consist of three parts: (1) Method of biological acid precipitation of lignin from alkaline pulp black liquor (2) Making organic fertilizer with technical lignin and natural lignin. (3) Making biological fertilizer with technical lignin. 1 Method of biological Acid Precipitation of Lignin from Alkaline Pulp Black Liquor The method and affecting factors of transforming alkaline pulp black liquor into acid precipitating lignin by means of acid fermentation with acid-production yeast BLY-land SSY-6 were investigated. The programs and conditions of total biological separation and part biological separation of lignin were put forward. The optimal conditions have been obtained through experiments, which are follows: initial pH of black liquor is 10 solid material content is 75g/L, fermentation temperature is 35 ℃, the time of quiet anaerobic fermentation is 48～72h. Some carbon sources were added in the method of total biological acid precipitation. The pH of black liquor can be decreased below 5 and the rate of lignin recovery is over 90%. Carbon source was unnecessary in the method of part biological acid precipitation. The pH of black liquor can be reduced into about 6.5. Carbon resource needed in separation is substituted by waste that has abundant carbohydrate. The strongpoints of biological method are follows: (1) the amount of inorganic acid used in separation and the cost of lignin separation is decreased. (2) Lignin filtration and separation can be sped up due o microbial flocculation. (3) The effect of pollution control is excellent. (4) The method of biological acid precipitation is suitable to various alkaline pulp black liquor. 2 Making organic slow-release fertilizer by technical lignin and natural Lignin. The affecting factors of lignin ammonification, material proportion and changes of active groups of lignin were studied during ammonification. The optimal conditions are follows: reaction temperature is 140 ℃, oxygen pressure is 1.25MPa, reaction time is 120min, the final pH of reaction is 6.0, the proportion of materials is lignin (lignin content is 48.99%):ammonia: water equals 1kg:2L:4L, ammonification is closely related to contents of carboxyl and carbonyl group. The nitrogen content of ammonified lignin is about 20%(with lignin base). The affecting factors of ammonification on natural lignin materials, which include shell of sunflower seed, shell of walnut seed and shell of apricot seed, were studied. The test indicates that reaction temperature is higher, reaction time is longer and nitrogen content is lower than those when technical lignin material is used. Efficiency of ammonification with peroxide of hydrogen as an oxygenant is higher than that with oxygen as an oxygenant. Ammonification of straw pulp lignin with peroxide of hydrogen as an oxygenant was studied. The optimal proportion of material is lignin: ammonia: peroxide of hydrogen: water equals 1kg:1.7L:0.3L:4L and the optimal reaction conditions are that reaction temperature is 100 ℃ and reaction time is 60min. Compared with oxygen as an oxygenant, the advantages of this method are that reaction time is shorten to half, reaction temperature is lowed about 40 ℃ and utilization rate of ammonia is increased. 3 Making biological fertilizer with technique lignin The physiological properties of azotobacter CN-2 and P-bacteria CP-5 were studied, which are related to mechanism of increasing production on crop. It has been proved that azotobacter CN-2 has a higher activity of nitrogen fixation in pure slant culture. Inoculated to wheat seed, the azotobacter can live in the rhizosphere, which has a higher activity of nitrogen fixation and improves nitrogen supplement to plant. Weight and nitrogen content of dry wheat seeding have been increased. It has also been proved that azotobacter CN-2 has a property of secreting hormone material similar to IAA. It has been made sure that P-bacteria has a excellent ability of dissolving Ca_3(PO_4)_2 in shaking culture at 35 ℃. Pot test shown that P-bacteria can live in the rhizosphere of wheat seeding and increase the phosphor content and weight of dry wheat seeding greatly. The results also indicated that P-bacteria CP-5 has a property of secreting hormone material similar to gibberellin. with lignin as a carrier and powder of corn stalk as a loose material, affecting factors of solid fermentation on azotobacter CN-2 were studied. The number of live bacteria reaches to 479 * 10~8 /g under normal temperature and air pressure when culture temperature is 30～35 ℃, rate of solid to solution is 1:4, amount of inoculation is 10% and thickness of culture material is 7.5cm. With lignin as a carrier, culture of periodical temperature changing has certain effects on the fermentation of most beneficial soil bacteria. The effect is best during logarithm period but isn't notable during slow growing period with temperature changing culture. Culture of periodical pressure changing has a good effect on the fermentation of all beneficial soil bacteria with lignin as a carrier, which has active effect on all growth period of bacteria, especially during logarithm period the effect is best. The maximal number of living bacteria is 540 * 10~8/g under culture of periodical temperature changing, however, the maximal number of living bacteria is 970 * 10~8/g under culture of periodical pressure changing, which is much higher than that of standard level of commercial product. This new method of fermentation is also suitable to rhizobium; P-bacterium and bacterium of increase production. The paper also dissertated the author's viewpoint about the status, significance and developing direction of organic and biological fertilizer in ecoagriculture. |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 公开日期 | 2013-09-27 |
| 页码 | 125 |
| 源URL | [http://ir.ipe.ac.cn/handle/122111/1997]  |
| 专题 | 过程工程研究所_研究所（批量导入） |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 张小勇. 木质素缓释肥料和生物肥料的研究[D]. 中国科学院研究生院. 1999. |
入库方式： OAI收割
来源：过程工程研究所
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