语境影响中文词切分的认知机制：来自歧义字段的眼动证据
文献类型：学位论文
| 作者 | 黄林洁琼 |
| 答辩日期 | 2022-06 |
| 文献子类 | 博士 |
| 授予单位 | 中国科学院大学 |
| 授予地点 | 中国科学院心理研究所 |
| 其他责任者 | 李兴珊 |
| 关键词 | 中文阅读 词切分 句子语境 眼动 |
| 学位名称 | 理学博士 |
| 学位专业 | 基础心理学 |
| 其他题名 | The cognitive mechanisms of context effects on Chinese word segmentation: Eye-movement evidence from ambiguous strings |
| 中文摘要 | Unlike English, there are no inter-word spaces to mark word boundaries in Chinese texts. In the absence of low-level visual cues, Chinese readers need to rely on higher-level information such as sentence context for word segmentation. In order to understand how sentence context affects word segmentation in Chinese reading, this study explored whether the prior context affects the lexical competition stage or post- competition stage of Chinese word segmentation. We also investigated whether the effects of prior context are different for different kinds of sentence contexts. To study these questions, Chinese readers’ eye movements were recorded as they read sentences containing an overlapping ambiguous string (ABC), where the middle character can form a distinct word with both the characters on its left (word AB) and on its right (word BC). In Study 1, four eye-movement experiments were conducted to investigate whether the prior context affects the lexical competition stage or post-competition stage of Chinese word segmentation. Firstly, Experiment 1 examined whether the prior context providing segmentation information was used immediately by readers. In the biased context condition, the prior context restricted the subsequent word to nouns (i.e., AB-C) or verbs (i.e., A-BC). In the neutral context condition, the overlapping ambiguous string was segmented as AB-C or A-BC according to the post- target context. The results showed that there were shorter first-fixation durations on the overlapping ambiguous string region in the biased context AB-C condition than those in the biased context A-BC condition, whereas no difference between the AB-C and A-BC segmentation types was found in the neutral context condition. Experiments 2a-2c manipulated the extent to which the right-side word BC was plausible as an immediate continuation following the prior context, resulting the more plausible and less plausible conditions, to investigate whether the word BC supported by context had more fierce competition with word AB. Compared with a less plausible word BC, first-pass reading times on the overlapping ambiguous string were longer with a more plausible word BC. However, when word frequency and left-side word advantage overwhelmingly supported word AB, no significant plausibility effect was found. These results indicated that the prior context has a strong and early influence on word segmentation in the process of Chinese reading. Context, word frequency and left-side word advantage can all affect the early stage of lexical competition. The more information supporting a word, the faster the word is activated and the faster the word competition ends. Study 2 examined whether the effects of prior context are different for different kinds of sentence contexts using two eye-movement experiments. It mainly focused on the semantic association information of words, the information that restricts the part of speech of subsequent words, and the information that reflects the overall prior context. We compared the semantic association and sentence-level information in Experiment 3. For semantic association information, the prior context contained a word semantically related to the word AB under the semantically related conditions, while this word was replaced by an irrelevant word under the semantically unrelated conditions. The sentence-level information supported A-BC segmentation in the biased context conditions, but the prior contexts did not support any specific segmentation structure in the neutral context conditions. The results showed that when the semantically related word (supporting AB-C structure) was inconsistent with the sentence-level information (supporting A-BC structure), there were longer go-past times and higher regression-out probabilities on the overlapping ambiguous string region. In Experiment 4, we compared whether grammatical constraints and sentence- level information influence word segmentation using the same or different mechanisms. The results indicated that there was a significant grammatical constraint effect on first fixation durations, first-pass reading times and second-pass reading times, but a significant effect of sentence-level information was only found on the second-pass reading measures. These results suggested that the grammatical constraint information affects word segmentation process immediately, and the effects of semantic association exert a later effect. By contrast, the sentence-level information mainly affects the final segmentation results. To sum up, the grammatical constraint and semantic association represented as lexical knowledge components can affect the process of word segmentation. The grammatical constraint information has more immediate impact, and the effect of semantic association information may be relatively late. However, the sentence-level information that needs to integrate multiple information sources mainly affects the final segmentation results to ensure successful comprehension. The findings are extremely important for understanding the cognitive mechanisms of Chinese reading. |
| 英文摘要 | 不同于英语，中文文本没有词间空格标记词的边界。在缺少低水平视觉线 索的情况下，中文读者需要依赖句子语境等更高水平的信息进行词切分。为了 理解中文阅读过程中语境如何影响词切分，本研究探讨了（1）前文语境是否影 响词切分的词汇竞争阶段，还是只影响竞争后的评估阶段；（2）不同类型的语 境信息是否采用相同的机制影响词切分。为此，我们记录中文读者阅读句子时 的眼动轨迹；这些句子包含重叠歧义字符串（ABC），其中间字可以分别和左侧 字及右侧字组成左侧词（AB）和右侧词（BC）。 研究一通过四个眼动实验考察了前文语境是否影响词切分的词汇竞争阶 段，还是只影响竞争后的评估阶段。首先，实验 1 考察了提供词切分信息的前 文语境是否被读者即时地利用。在有偏语境条件下，前文语境限制了后续词是 名词（即 AB-C 结构）或动词（即 A-BC 结构）；在中性语境条件下，重叠歧义 字符串根据其后文语境被切分为 AB-C 结构或 A-BC 结构。结果表明，和有偏 语境 A-BC 切分条件相比，有偏语境 AB-C 切分条件下重叠歧义字符串的首次 注视时间更短；但是中性语境条件下没有该差异。实验 2a-2c 操纵了词 BC 对于 重叠歧义字符串前语境的合理性程度，得到高合理和低合理条件，以考察得到 语境支持的词 BC 是否与词 AB 有更激烈的竞争。和低合理条件相比，高合理 条件下重叠歧义字符串的第一遍阅读时间更长。但是当词频和左侧词优势压倒 性地支持词 AB 时，没有发现显著的合理性效应。这些结果提示，在中文阅读 过程中，前文语境对词切分有较强且较早的影响。前文语境、词频和左侧词优 势都能影响词汇竞争阶段，支持一个词的信息越多，该词达到激活越快，词汇 竞争结束得越快。 研究二通过两个眼动实验考察了不同类型的语境信息是否采用相同的机制 影响词切分。主要关注词和词的语义联想信息，约束后续词词性的信息，和反 映整体前文语境的信息。实验 3 比较了语义联想和句子水平信息。对于语义联 想信息，前文语境或包含一个与词 AB 语义相关的词（即语义相关条件），或包 含无关词（即语义无关条件）。句子水平信息或支持 A-BC 切分（即有偏语境条 件），或没有明确支持特定的切分结构（即中性语境条件）。结果表明，当语义 相关词（支持 AB-C 结构）和句子水平信息（支持 A-BC 结构）相矛盾时，重 叠歧义字符串的回视路径时间更长、向外回视概率更高。实验 4 比较了语法约 束和句子水平信息。结果发现，在首次注视时间、第一遍阅读时间和第二遍阅 读时间上都存在显著的语法约束效应，但只在第二遍阅读的眼动指标上发现显 著的句子水平信息效应。这些结果表明，语法约束即时地影响词切分过程，语 义联想的影响相对较晚；而句子水平信息主要影响最终的切分结果。 综上所述，表征为词汇知识成分的语法约束和语义联想信息可以影响词切 分过程，语法约束信息有着更即时的影响，语义联想信息的影响可能相对较 晚；但需要整合多种信息源的句子水平信息主要影响最终的切分结果，以确保 成功的理解。研究结果对于理解中文阅读的认知机制非常重要。 |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 源URL | [http://ir.psych.ac.cn/handle/311026/43152]  |
| 专题 | 心理研究所_认知与发展心理学研究室 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 黄林洁琼. 语境影响中文词切分的认知机制：来自歧义字段的眼动证据[D]. 中国科学院心理研究所. 中国科学院大学. 2022. |
入库方式： OAI收割
来源：心理研究所
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