时间与模态对汉语条件句违实语义加工的影响
文献类型：学位论文
| 作者 | 李琳 |
| 答辩日期 | 2022-06 |
| 文献子类 | 博士 |
| 授予单位 | 中国科学院大学 |
| 授予地点 | 中国科学院心理研究所 |
| 其他责任者 | 杨玉芳 |
| 关键词 | 逻辑因素 汉语条件句 违实语义 时间 模态 |
| 学位名称 | 理学博士 |
| 学位专业 | 基础心理学 |
| 其他题名 | The Effects of Time and Modality on the Processing of Counterfactuality in Chinese Conditionals |
| 中文摘要 | In the human communicative system, displacement is a unique design feature of language which enables verbal communication to go beyond temporal and spatial restrictions and extend its topic to the matter of any time and any place. Counterfactuals are one of such kind of linguistic vehicles, widely existing in different world languages and exhibiting the advanced cognitive abilities of human beings superior to the rest of animal world. Research across languages has found that time and modality are deep structural information attached to verbs，reflecting the basic logic of language. This study aims to examine the function of logical factors, namely time and modality, in the formation of counterfactuality (CF) in Chinese conditionals. By manipulating the TAM information, it attempts to further probe the mechanism underlying the CF comprehension. This research includes two parts. In the first part, the researcher conducted three experiments to explore if and how temporal information affects the CF comprehension. The first experiment manipulated the presence or absence of tense to test whether the absolute time reference weighs in course of understanding CF. The second experiment manipulated the presence or absence of aspect to test whether the relative time reference weighs in course of understanding CF. The result shows that tense is a potent device when expressing CF while aspect is a weak one in the same process. In order to balance the emotional value in possible counterfactuals, a polarity difference (affirmation vs negation) in antecedents was added as a factor in the first two experiments. The results indicate that affirmative antecedents claim more counts of counterfactuals when judging Chinese conditionals without temporal information. In the third experiment, the researcher applied eye-tracking technology to detect the processing of three types of conditionals with different temporal information (dangshi (past-tense)/ yijing (aspectual)/no-time-info). The results show that the conditionals with tense element can be earlier and better understood than the other two types，while the conditionals with aspectual information encounters more difficulties in later stage of processing, indicating that tense and aspect modulate the semantic processing of Chinese conditionals in different manners. There is a systemic variation between time in the antecedent and modality in the consequent of a conditional. It is then assumed that the subjective possibility expressed by modals in consequents of the conditionals may also influence the CF comprehension. In the second study, two experiments were conducted to examine how the modals of different probabilistic levels affect the processing of counterfactuality in conditionals. Experiment 4 explored the role of basic epistemic modals on the understanding of CF of Chinese conditionals. The result indicates that there is significant difference caused by the modal adverbs with distinct subjective probabilities when judging CF. The Necessity modal elicits more CF contexts than Possibility modal. Meanwhile the researcher also found that the negation in the consequents effectively contributes to the formation of CF of conditionals and twists the relation between subjective probability and the CF recognition. Experiment 5 further investigated the interaction between contexts and modal adverbs of different probabilities. It is found that there is a significant difference in choice frequencies of modals, between CF conditionals and indicative conditionals, especially those of the modal adverb with high probability in CF conditionals and those of the modal adverbs with moderate probability in indicative ones. Further analysis on the reaction time of the two task stages(reading the conditional/making a choice) indicates that CF contexts accelerate the judging tasks of all three modal adverbs. In both two stages, modal adverbs of high probability were better processed no matter it is a CF or indicative conditionals. During the forced-choice stage, subjects spent more time on the moderate probability adverbs in CF conditionals and the low probability adverbs in indicative conditionals. Therefore, there is complex relation between the probability of modal words and the processing of conditional CF. The two parts of the current research demonstrate the important roles of absolute temporal reference in antecedents and the high probability modals in consequents. The temporal and modal features expressed in the two positions are the semantic element closely related to the factuality of conditionals. They are effective clues to detect CF in Chinese conditionals. In addition, negation as a logic constant, also affect the understanding of CF. This research made an attempt to explore the deep semantic structure of conditional CF expressed by TAM; however, It should be noted that TAM are the logical element underlying the CF meaning of conditionals and words related to them are not the compulsory linguistic devices when express counterfactual meanings in Chinese. |
| 英文摘要 | 人类的信息交流系统中，语言的位移性(displacement)是最为突出的属性之一，它使得信息交流的范畴可以突破时空限制，从此时此地拓展到任意可能的时空范围。违实表达就是这样一种语言形式，它普遍存在于世界上不同的语言之中，反映出人类在思维层次上区别于其他物种的认知优越性。跨语言的研究显示，时间与模态作为附着在动词成分上的深层结构信息，反映着语言的基本逻辑。本研究试图从汉语条件句入手，探察影响其违实语义加工的时间因素与模态因素。通过对汉语条件句中具体的“时体态”(TAM: tense，aspect，modality)信息的操纵，进一步加深对违实语义理解形成的内在机制的认识。 本研究分成两个部分，研究一通过三个实验考察时间因素对于条件句违实性解读的影响。实验一通过操纵时信息(tense)的有无，考察绝对时间信息是否对违实语义的形成产生重要作用；实验二通过操纵体信息(aspect)的有无，来考察相对时间信息是否对违实语义的理解形成产生影响。结果显示时信息是违实语义的强势表达方式，而体信息是违实语义表达的一种弱手段。为平衡条件句上下行语义在违实理解时的情绪性，在两个实验设计中都增加了前件极性（肯定 vs.否定）的条件。结果发现了否定因素在违实判断数量上的稳定而显著的作用。在实验一、二的基础上，实验三通过眼动方法进一步观察了三种不同时间条件(“当时”/“已经”/无时间词)对汉语条件句中违实语义在线加工进程的影响。兴趣区的眼动数据揭示，与其他两种条件句相比，含有时信息的条件句在早期即获得了较好的加工；而体信息条件句在中晚期出现了加工上的困难，提示两种时间信息对与条件句语义加工存在着不同的调节作用。 条件句前件中的时间与后件中的模态有着密切联动，因此后件的模态词所表达的主观概率对于违实语义形成也可能会产生影响。研究二通过两个实验考察了不同概率水平的模态词对于条件句违实意义加工的影响。其中，实验四通过语境填充的方式，探索了不同概率水平的认知模态词对条件句违实性认识的影响。对实验填充语料违实/直陈标注的统计分析发现，不同概率的认知模态副词在对条件句违实语义认定上存在显著的差异，必然模态比可能模态更多地诱发了条件句的违实语义理解；同时，后件否定词的出现对模态与违实语义关系起到扭转作用。实验五通过迫选方法，进一步考察了带有不同主观概率意义的模态副词与违实条件句之间的关系。实验结果显示违实条件句和直陈句在主观概率迫选频次上存在着显著差异，这种差异主要体现在违实条件句中高概率模态词的迫选偏好，以及直陈条件句中中等频率模态词的迫选偏好。对实验中阅读和判断两阶段任务反应时的分析发现，违实语境显著地促进了三种不同主观概率的模态副词的判断速度。而对于条件句发生概率的认识对两阶段任务有着较为相似的影响，都呈现出高概率词的加工优势。在迫选任务阶段，违实语境下被试在中等概率模态副词上耗时最多；而直陈语境下，低概率词选择时的耗时更长。因此在加工进程中，模态词反映的概率高低与违实语义加工有着复杂交互关系。 研究一和研究二的研究结果表明条件句前件的时信息和后件的高概率模态信息对强化违实语义理解都起到了重要的作用，它们所反映的时间特征和模态特征是条件句中与事件事实性密切相关的语义成分，是理解汉语条件句违实语义的有效线索。此外，否定作为逻辑常项对于条件句的违实语义理解也有着重要的影响。本研究从条件句的时、体、态信息入手初步探索了影响汉语条件句事实性的深层语义结构，需要注意的是时间和模态是违实语义的底层逻辑，相应的语词并不是汉语违实表达的强制手段。 |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 源URL | [http://ir.psych.ac.cn/handle/311026/43153]  |
| 专题 | 心理研究所_认知与发展心理学研究室 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 李琳. 时间与模态对汉语条件句违实语义加工的影响[D]. 中国科学院心理研究所. 中国科学院大学. 2022. |
入库方式： OAI收割
来源：心理研究所
浏览0
下载0
收藏0
其他版本
除非特别说明，本系统中所有内容都受版权保护，并保留所有权利。