塔台管制员任务分析及关键决策效能提升
文献类型：学位论文
| 作者 | 汪慧云 |
| 答辩日期 | 2022-06 |
| 文献子类 | 硕士 |
| 授予单位 | 中国科学院大学 |
| 授予地点 | 中国科学院心理研究所 |
| 其他责任者 | 孙向红 ; 张警吁 |
| 关键词 | 塔台管制 民用航空 任务分析 人因工程 交通安全 |
| 学位名称 | 理学硕士 |
| 学位专业 | 应用心理学 |
| 其他题名 | Task Analysis and Critical Judgment Enhancement of Tower Controllers |
| 中文摘要 | Aviation system is a dynamic complex system. As an important part of the aviation system, Air Traffic Controllers (ATCOs) need to perform dynamic and cognitive complex supervision to accomplish the special control and command task. Tower controllers, responsible for providing services for aircraft taking off and landing, playing an important role in aviation safety. However, there is little systematic task analysis research in related fields of Chinese. An important breakthrough is the systematic and standardized analysis of the work of controllers, and further reduce the workload of controllers through the improvement of interactive interface, also better ensure the development and safety of civil aviation. Therefore, based on the practical development needs and social practice, draw lessons from the advantages of comprehensive qualitative and quantitative research, this study systematically combs and analyzes the tower control and command tasks from description, interpretation to prediction and enhancement. Furthermore, we put forward a new visual interface display mode of pursuit process to enhance the operation efficiency of controllers. In study 1, we conduct hierarchical task analysis on the Tower from the overall perspective, sorted out the characteristics of the overall tower task system through interviews with experts of tower controllers (N=10). Based this, we developed a sub task decomposition collection to screen out the key decision~making tasks (N=16). In study 2, a qualitative research was conducted, which based on key decision-making tasks from study 1 (N=22)，and sorted out the information sources and display methods of decision ladder and decision-making elements through cognitive homework analysis. The output of study 2 provides the necessary input for study 3, which is an important source of information for experimental design. In Study 3, through the simulator experiment of conflict detection, the influencing factors in conflict detection and resolution task discussed, and the psychological characteristic curve of interval conflict judgment of tower controllers is drawn. There were Tower Controllers (N=45) recruited to complete the interval conflict tasks in 30 scenarios. The results of repeated measurement analysis of variance showed that minimum separation distance and wake separation standard significantly affect the tower controller's intervention decision (conflict possibility judgment and minimum separation distance prediction, ps < 0.0001) and intervention behavior (whether to intervene and the choice of intervention measurement, ps < 0.001). In addition, the difficulty perception of the tower controller to the conflict detection task generally presents an inverted U-shaped distribution around the wake interval standard, and the time pressure perception decreases linearly with the increase of the minimum interval distance, and finally tends to be stable. In study 4, different independent variable levels were extracted based on study 3, and an auxiliary decision~making interface was proposed and tested. In Experiment 2, experienced tower controllers recruited (N = 35), and each tower controller completed the conflict judgment task under four task scenarios on the simulator. The results show that the auxiliary interface can significantly improve the task performance of controllers (judgment of conflict possibility, prediction of minimum interval distance, safety margin in intervention decision~making, etc.) and significantly reduce the task load level of controllers. In summary, the research based on the systematic analysis of tower control tasks, provided a visual enhancement of information display in key decision~making stages, which will help to ensure the completion of aircraft approach and landing, to improve aviation efficiency and safety. |
| 英文摘要 | 航空系统是一个动态的复杂系统。塔台管制员作为航空系统中的一个重要组成部分，需要执行动态复杂的认知监控任务，在航空安全保障尤其是航空器起降阶段发挥着重要作用。当前，在中国管制指挥领域中, 针对塔台管制员工作进行任务分析的研究极少，因此对塔台管制员的工作进行系统化标准化的分析可以作为后续对塔台管制员相关研究的一个重要突破口，进而根据任务分析的输出结果有针对性地对涉及关键决策任务的交互界面进行改善以进一步减轻管制员的工作负荷，进而更好地保障民航航空安全。因此，本研究立足中国当代塔台发展实践，综合质性研究和量化研究的优势，从描述、解释到预测增强，对塔台管制任务进行了系统梳理和分析，并提出一种新型追击过程可视化的界面显示方式用于增强管制员的作业效能。 研究 1 从整体角度对塔台管制任务进行层次任务分析，研究对象为一线塔台管制员（N=10）进行访谈和前期文献调研梳理出塔台任务系统特征，并制定针对3 类塔台席位共 43 个子任务分解量表，筛选出对塔台管制员（N=16）而言任务负荷较高且存在安全风险的关键决策任务。 研究 2 在研究 1 的基础上对塔台管制关键决策任务进行定性研究（N=22），通过现场观察和认知作业分析梳理出塔台管制员关键任务决策梯、决策各要素的信息来源和显示方式；研究 2 的输出为研究 3 提供了必要的输入，是实验设计的重要信息来源。 研究 3 基于间隔冲突探测模拟平台，通过冲突探测实验探讨对间隔冲突判断任务起到重要作用的影响因素，绘制塔台管制员间隔冲突判断的心理特征曲线。 研究 3 以一线塔台管制员为实验对象（N=45），完成 30 个场景的间隔冲突任务，探讨最小间隔距离和尾流间隔标准水平对管制员关键决策和间隔预判的影响。重复测量方差分析结果显示最小间隔距离和尾流间隔标准显著影响塔台管制员干预决策（冲突可能性判断和最小间隔距离预测，ps < 0.0001）和干预行为（是否干预及干预测量的选择，ps < 0.001）。并且塔台管制员对间隔冲突判断任务的难度感知总体围绕尾流间隔标准呈倒 U 型分布，时间压力感知随最小间隔距离的 增加而线性下降，最后趋于稳定。 研究 4 在研究 3 的基础上提取具有差异的自变量水平，提出一种基于追击过程可视化的辅助决策界面并进行测试。研究 4 招募一线塔台管制员（N=35），每名塔台管制员基于模拟平台完成 4 种任务情境下的冲突判断任务。重复测量方差分析结果表明辅助界面可显著改善管制员的任务绩效（冲突可能性的判断，最小间隔距离的预测，干预决策时的安全余度等）并显著降低了管制员的任务负荷水平。 综上，通过对塔台管制任务的系统分析和关键决策任务的定性分析，提出基于追击过程可视化的辅助决策界面设计，研究关键决策阶段的信息显示要素以实现可视化增强。研究有助于更好地保障航空器完成进近着陆，提升航空效率和安全。 |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 源URL | [http://ir.psych.ac.cn/handle/311026/43133]  |
| 专题 | 心理研究所_社会与工程心理学研究室 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 汪慧云. 塔台管制员任务分析及关键决策效能提升[D]. 中国科学院心理研究所. 中国科学院大学. 2022. |
入库方式： OAI收割
来源：心理研究所
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