理解与改进时空决策——以探索时空框架效应为切入点
文献类型：学位论文
| 作者 | 匡仪
|
| 答辩日期 | 2022-06 |
| 文献子类 | 博士 |
| 授予单位 | 中国科学院大学 |
| 授予地点 | 中国科学院心理研究所 |
| 其他责任者 | 李纾 |
| 关键词 | 空间决策 跨期决策 框架效应 齐当别模型 折扣模型 助推 |
| 学位名称 | 理学博士 |
| 学位专业 | 应用心理学 |
| 其他题名 | Understanding and improving the intertemporal/spatial choices — Exploring the time-space framing effect as the entry point |
| 中文摘要 | In such a world, understanding and improving decision making should be given more priority. Currently, the research on “how people understand decision making” has been most thorough, whereas the research on “how to improve decision making” is relatively backward. Behavioral scientists propose a “nudge” approach to improve people’s decisions. That is, making people’s decisions change in the expected direction by changing the ways options are presented to them. The framing effect can be regarded as an economical and effective means of nudge tool. For instance, the gain-loss framing effects found in risky choice and the attribute framing effects in multi-attribute choice have been widely used to change or improve people’s decisions. However, in the field of intertemporal and spatial choices, whether there is a framing effect that can play a role in improving decision-making is unknown. Intertemporal and spatial choices are closely related. First, time and space are physically inextricably linked, and velocity can be used to connect the relationship between the two. For instance, the distance from the dormitory to the school can be described as a 1-kilometer walk or a 15-minute walk. The spatial choice problem can be transformed into intertemporal choice problem by using the conversion relation between temporal and spatial distance. Besides, models of choice used to understand intertemporal and spatial choices can be grouped into two broad classes: the “utility comparison” models (e.g., discounting models) and the “attribute-comparison” models (e.g., equate-to-differentiate model). Due to the different logical assumptions of the two classes of models, they have different mechanisms to explain the framing effect. According to the logic of the utility comparison models, a framing effect will be produced if framing can shift people’s judgment of the inequality relationship between two options’ overall utility across different frame conditions. While according to the attribute-comparison models, a framing effect will be produced if framing can shift people’s judgment of the inequality relationship between the different dimensional differences across different frame conditions. In this doctoral dissertation, three studies (12 experiments) were conducted to examine whether invariance-violating behavior (defined as the time-space framing effect) could be detected when the spatial-choice problem is described by space and time frame equivalently, and if so, how is this effect achieved. In Study 1, by setting constant velocity, the “spatial distance” information in spatial choice was equivalent to the “temporal distance” information in intertemoral choice (e.g., the speed was set to “30 km/min”, “30 km” distance = “1 hour” distance), and a series of choice problems were constructed. In Substudies 1.1–1.3, we set different scenarios, frame equivalence conditions, choice construction, response style and experimental designs to explore the existence of the time-space framing effect. The overall results showed that people’s preference orders were significantly changed by using the time and space frames to describe the same choice problem, indicating that the time-space framing effect exists. On the basis of Study 1, Study 2 added and performed an “intradimension difference comparison” task (Substudies 2.1–2.3) and a “discount value difference comparison” task (Substudy 2.2) to test whether the equate-to-differentiate model and/or the discounting model could explain the time-space framing effect, and which of these two models is better supported by the data. The results showed that the equate-to-differentiate model could explain the time-space framing effect well regardless of whether it exists; however, this effect could not be explained by the discounting model. In Study 3, by using the eye-tracking technology, we further investigated people’s dynamic process of decision making in space and time frame conditions, to analyze their decision strategy and use eye movement indicators to predict their choice and choice shift behavior. The results showed that, people were more likely adopt an attribute-based strategy when making decisions in spatial and intertemporal choice tasks; and the difference in information processing (fixation duration/frequency) between spatial/intertemporal and outcome dimensions, and the variation of that processing difference between dimensions under two frame conditions, can significantly predict people’s choice and choice shift behavior. The time-space framing effect explored in this doctoral dissertation is a new framing effect by manipulating the frames across different domains, which also offers a novel approach for understanding intertemporal and spatial choices. This new form of choice architecture is created as a tool for the “nudge” toolbox, which is helpful to guide or improve people’s decision-making. |
| 英文摘要 | 在当今世界，“理解与改进决策”这一研究主题应被赋予更多的优先权。目 前研究最多的是“如何理解决策”，而“如何改进决策”的研究则相对滞后。行 为科学家提出采用“助推”的方法来改进人们的决策。即，通过适当改变选择 架构，以使得人们的选择行为朝预期方向发生变化。其中，框架效应已被视为 较为经济和有效的助推手段。例如，在风险决策领域中发现的得失框架效应、 多属性决策领域中发现的属性框架效应，已被广泛应用于改变或改进人们决策 行为。然而，在跨期和空间决策领域中，是否存在可对改进决策发挥作用的框 架效应还未知。 跨期和空间决策密切相关。首先，时间和空间在物理上有着不可分割的联系，通常可以用“速度”来连接两者的关系。例如，从宿舍到学校步行 1 公里的距离可以等价描述为步行 15 分钟的距离。我们可以利用时间和空间距离的转换关系，将空间决策问题转换为跨期决策问题。其次，目前用来理解跨期和空间决策的决策模型主要分为“效用比较”模型(如，折扣模型)和“属性比较”模型(如，齐当别模型)两大类。由于两类模型的逻辑假设不同，其对框架效应产生的解释机制也不同。根据效用比较模型的逻辑，只有当描述框架改变了两个选项的总效用值的相对大小时，框架效应才会产生；而根据维度比较模型的逻辑，只有当描述框架改变了两个选项在不同维度上差异的相对大小关系时，框架效应才会产生。本论文通过三项研究(共 12 个实验)来探索对于同一空间决策问题，当用空间和时间框架来表述时，人们的选择偏好是否会发生改变(本论文将该效应命名为“时空框架效应”)？如果会，其解释机制是什么？ 研究一通过设置“恒定的速度”，将空间决策问题中的“空间距离”信息等价转换为跨期决策中的“时间距离”信息(如，将速度设置为“30 公里/分钟”，“30 公里”路程=“1 小时”路程)，构建了一系列决策问题。在子研究 1.1–1.3中，我们设置了不同的决策情境、框架等价条件、选项构成、反应模式以及研究设计等，考察是否存在时空框架效应。总体结果发现，当采用空间和时间框架描述同一决策问题时，人们的选择偏好会发生显著的改变，表明存在时空框架效应。 研究二在研究一的基础上，增加了“维度差异比较”任务(子研究 2.1–2.3)和“折扣值差异比较”任务(子研究 2.2)，检验齐当别模型和/或折扣模型是否能解释时空框架效应，并比较其解释力。结果发现，无论时空框架效应是否存在，齐当别模型均能很好地解释；然而，该效应不能被折扣模型解释。 研究三采用眼动追踪技术，考察人们在空间和时间框架条件下进行决策时的动态加工过程，以分析人们在决策过程中所采用的决策策略，并用眼动指标预测其选择及选择反转行为。研究结果发现，个体在空间和时间框架条件下进行决时，均更偏向采用基于维度的策略；此外，在空间/时间维度和结果维度上的信息加工(注视时长/次数)的差异，以及两种框架条件下，维度间加工差异的变化程度，分别能够显著地预测选择及选择反转行为。 本论文所探讨的时空框架效应是一个全新的、跨领域操纵的框架效应，为理解跨期和空间决策提供了一种新方法。本研究创造了一种新的选择架构，为“助推”工具箱增添一种新的工具，有助于指导或改善人们的决策。 |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 源URL | [http://ir.psych.ac.cn/handle/311026/43154]  |
| 专题 | 心理研究所_社会与工程心理学研究室 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 匡仪. 理解与改进时空决策——以探索时空框架效应为切入点[D]. 中国科学院心理研究所. 中国科学院大学. 2022. |
入库方式： OAI收割
来源：心理研究所
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