生存环境的严酷性和不确定性对个体合作行为的影响
文献类型：学位论文
| 作者 | 李明晖
|
| 答辩日期 | 2022-06 |
| 文献子类 | 博士 |
| 授予单位 | 中国科学院大学 |
| 授予地点 | 中国科学院心理研究所 |
| 其他责任者 | 饶俪琳 |
| 关键词 | 行为决策 合作 严酷性 不确定性 |
| 学位名称 | 理学博士 |
| 学位专业 | 应用心理学 |
| 其他题名 | The effects of environmental harshness and uncertainty on cooperative behaviors |
| 中文摘要 | Humans are an intensely social species, frequently exhibiting cooperative behaviors that benefit others who are not closely related at their own expense. One of the enduring puzzles in the social sciences is the origin and persistence of cooperation. Environmental characteristics affect people's survival and reproductive success. Environmental harshness and uncertainty are the most fundamental environmental influences on behaviors. Under the conditions of environmental harshness and uncertainty, cooperation is generally needed for humans to survive and reproduce successfully. There is a broad consensus that people adopt a faster life-history strategy by focusing on short-term outcomes in such environments, and may exhibit a lower level of cooperation. However, Rao et al. suggest that when threatened by natural hazards, an independent individual seems to be helpless and powerless. In the struggle to survive, human beings come to each other's aid at such times. Therefore, it is unclear how cooperation varies in different ecological environments. To examine the relationship between ecological environments and cooperation, we conducted 7 studies. First, we used data from a nationwide survey in China (N=22,652) (Study 1 .1)and used World Values Survey data from 57 countries(N=80,254) (Study 1.2). We used the Human Development Index (HDI) in both Studies 1 .1 and 1.2 and a hardship index in Study 1.2 as indicators of the ecological environments of different areas. We found that individuals living in harsher and more uncertain environments, i.e.， lower HDI or higher hardship index, exhibited greater cooperation. Second, we conducted two surveys to investigate how harshness and uncertainty correlated with cooperation separately (N=628) (Study 1 .3). We measured environmental harshness and uncertainty and responses to the dictator game and the altruistic behaviors scale. We found that environmental uncertainty was associated with greater cooperation and that harshness was associated with less cooperation. Third, to provide a causal link, we conducted two controlled laboratory experiments manipulating environmental harshness and uncertainty using modified public goods games(N=512 for Study 2.1 and N=484 for Study 2.2). We found that people exhibited greater cooperation under the more uncertain condition in both studies. In specific, the contributions in the uncertain condition decreased at a slower rate than those in the certain condition and, in the last five rounds, people contributed more endowments in the uncertain condition than in the certain condition. However, we found inconsistent results for the relation between environmental harshness and cooperation. Finally, we examined the mediating effects of life-history strategy and tolerance of uncertainty on the relationships between the ecological environment and the cooperation (N=777) (Study 3). We found that the tolerance of uncertainty mediated the relation between environmental uncertainty and cooperation. It appeared that people who experienced more uncertain environments were more intolerance of uncertainty, and accordingly, they exhibited greater cooperation. Taken together, these findings suggest that harsher and more uncertain environment could promote cooperation and environmental uncertainty may play the most important role in facilitating cooperation. Additionally, the tolerance of uncertainty partially accounts for the positive relationship between environmental uncertainty and cooperation. The present study contributes to a better understanding of the evolutionary origins of cooperative behavior and provide theoretical foundations for promoting cooperation. |
| 英文摘要 | 合作行为是为他人或群体提供福利的行为。在残酷的生存竞争中，合作行为是如何进化的成为备受关注的未解之谜。来自严酷和不确定环境的挑战可能在人类进化过程中塑造了合作的驱动力。但是，目前尚不清楚生存环境的严酷性和不确定性如何影响合作行为。根据生命史理论，生存环境越严酷和不确定，人们越倾向于采取快的生命史策略，从而减少合作行为。但是，弱势理论认为，在严酷和不确定的环境下，合作有助于个体成功地生存和繁衍，因此，环境越严酷和不确定，个体的合作水平越高。鉴于实证研究尚且不足，生命史理论和弱势理论有相反的理论预测，本研究旨在揭示生存环境如何影响合作行为及其背后的心理机制。本研究既将严酷性和不确定性整合成“严酷和不确定的生存环境”这一个因素，探索其对个体合作行为的影响，又分别探索严酷性和不确定性的不同作用。并且，本研究检验了生命史策略和不确定性容忍度两个可能的心理机制。 研究1探索环境与合作水平的相关关系。子研究1.1 (N= 22,652)和子研究 1.2 ()N= 80,254)探索环境整体的严酷和不确定性对合作行为的影响。两个研究 分别对全国和世界范围的公开数据进行分析，使用人类发展指数和环境艰苦指数 作为生存环境的衡量指标。结果发现，环境越严酷和不确定，即人类发展指数越 低、艰苦指数越高，个体的合作水平越高。子研究1.3(实验1, N=293;实验 2, N= 335)探索严酷性和不确定性两个维度与合作行为的相关关系。两个实验 分别使用独裁者博弈任务和利他行为量表测量合作水平，测量了环境的严酷性 和不确定性。结果发现，环境的不确定性正向预测合作水平，但是，环境的严酷 性负向预测合作水平。研究2探索环境的严酷性和不确定性影响合作行为的因果 关系。子研究2.1 (N=512)和子研究2.2 (N=484)通过改编多轮的公共物品 博弈任务来操纵环境的严酷性和不确定性，通过每一轮向公共账户贡献的金额占 初始资本的比例来测量合作水平。结果发现，在不确定条件下，贡献比例的下降 速度小于确定条件，并且最后5轮的平均贡献比例高于确定条件。但是，严酷性 对合作行为影响的结果不一致。这些结果表明，环境的不确定性可以促进合作行 为。研究3 (N=777)探索生存环境影响合作行为的心理机制。通过对生命史策 略和不确定性容忍度的中介效应检验，结果发现，不确定性容忍度可以解释环境 的不确定性与合作水平的关系，即个体经历的环境不确定性越高，对不确定的 容忍度越低，进而合作水平更高。 综上所述，本文基于公开数据分析、问卷调查和创新的公共物品博弈范式， 从环境整体的严酷和不确定性，到区分严酷性和不确定性两个维度，再到心理 机制的研究，逐层深入地揭示了，环境越严酷和不确定，个体的合作水平越高， 环境的不确定性增加对促进合作行为起关键作用，对不确定的容忍度是不确定 性影响合作行为的心理机制。本研究为弱势理论提供了支持的证据，加深了人 们对合作行为是如何进化的这一问题的理解，为提升人们的合作水平提供了理 论和实证依据。 |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 源URL | [http://ir.psych.ac.cn/handle/311026/43156]  |
| 专题 | 心理研究所_社会与工程心理学研究室 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 李明晖. 生存环境的严酷性和不确定性对个体合作行为的影响[D]. 中国科学院心理研究所. 中国科学院大学. 2022. |
入库方式： OAI收割
来源：心理研究所
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