效力和社会情境影响努力的机制
文献类型：学位论文
| 作者 | 曹思琪
|
| 答辩日期 | 2022-06 |
| 文献子类 | 硕士 |
| 授予单位 | 中国科学院大学 |
| 授予地点 | 中国科学院心理研究所 |
| 其他责任者 | 刘勋 |
| 关键词 | 认知控制 努力 效力 社会情境 |
| 学位名称 | 理学硕士 |
| 学位专业 | 认知神经科学 |
| 其他题名 | The Mechanism of Efficacy and Social Context on Effort |
| 中文摘要 | Uncertainty in life poses a challenge for people to achieve their goals effectively. How does uncertainty affect human efforts to achieve goals? First, what is the relationship between effort and reward? The intuitive concept of effort pervades all areas of human information processing. Effort is the intensity of mental or physical effort undertaken by an organism to achieve an outcome. Effort is a volitional and intentional process. Effort is the process, and performance is the outcome. The cognitive task index reflects the paying how much effort. The environmental uncertainty affects whether the effort yields outcome. The expected Value of Control(EVC)theory describes this phenomenon as efficacy that partially reflects the correlation between effort and reward. From the collective work of cells, to the symbiotic behavior of ants, to the social groups of humans, organisms work together for common or reciprocal benefits. However, whether social peers contribute positively to collective outcomes is unknown. The final outcome does not depend solely on individual behavior but is also influenced by others. The involvement of others introduces a form of social uncertainty. People need to focus on both the efficacy of their own efforts and the influence of others in social contexts on outcomes. Social and non-social uncertainties influence the ultimate collective reward. The efficacy and social context jointly regulate human efforts to achieve goals. Focusing on the uncertainty in people's effort, this thesis examines how efficacy (the association between self-performance and outcome) and social context (the association between others' performance and outcome) affect adaptive effort at both the nonsocial and social levels. This study examined the following questions based on behavior, EEG, and the drift diffusion model: 1) What is the effect of efficacy and social context on effort? (Study I); 2) What are the neural characteristics of effective-motivated efforts over time. and how do these characteristics relate to performance (Study II) ? In Study I, we found that social context moderates efforts based on efficacy, which showed that social context reduces the effect of efficacy on effort. Compared with the social context, the difference of correct response time in the non-social situation was greater in the high and low efficacy conditions. Social context did not affect feedback-based adjustment of effort. However, efficacy and reward feedback interact to affect adjustment of effort. Compared with the low-efficacy condition, the low reward in the high-efficacy condition promotes the adjustment of overall effort and stability of effort. Moreover, self-other performance feedback from the social context influenced the adjustment of effort. Participants made adjustments based more on their own performance feedback, including overall effort and effort stability. Study II found that people regulate goal-directed effort by modulating the state of readiness. Consistent with previous studies, the present study verified two key neural features of preparedness: 1) target-CNV, and 2) beta oscillations, and both indicators were greater in high efficacy contexts. Building on previous research, we further found that CNV predicts not only the improvement in overall effort but also in the effort stability or termed sustained effort. Through Bayesian Multilevel Mediation Analysis, we developed a model of the time course. First, the preparation ( proactive control) predicts the regulation of effort by efficacy. Second, people maintain high-quality performance by varying the drift rate and decision boundary. Importantly, the CNV and p oscillations of the preparation affect effort stability by modulating the drift rate of the execution process. In addition, Study II found that the interaction of efficacy and reward feedback plays a role in behavioral adjustment. In the high efficacy condition, the low reward feedback in the previous round promotes the adjustment of overall effort and effort stability. fb-P3b interacts with reward feedback and influences effort stability. The smaller the fb-P3b, the more adjustments in effort stability. The trend for high and low reward feedback is reversed. When receiving high reward in the previous round, the smaller the fb-P3b, the lower the stability in the next round. In contrast, when receiving low reward in the previous round, the smaller the fb-P3b, the greater the stability in the next round. In summary, this study explored the mechanisms by which nonsocial and social uncertainty affects people's goal-directed effort. The results of two studies could provide insights into adaptive effort in social interactions, including how to adjust effort in social contexts by changing readiness and providing reward feedback, as well as self-other-performance feedback. |
| 英文摘要 | 生活的不确定性挑战人们有效地实现目标。不确定性如何影响人类为实现目标的努力?努力与回报之间的关系是什么?努力的直观概念遍及人类信息处理的所有领域。努力是生物体(organism)为达到某种结果而进行的脑力或体力工作的强度。因此努力是生物体的意志(volitional)与有意图的(intentional)过程。努力是过程，而绩效是结果。认知任务的指标反映个体付出努力(paying how much effort)，环境的不确定性影响付出的努力是否有结果。 控制期望价值理论(Expected Value of Control, EVC)将努力和结果之间的关联性描述为效力(efficacy，即个体与环境交互的非社会不确定。从细胞的集体工作、蚂蚁的共生行为，到人类的社会群体，生物体会为共同或互惠利益而一起工作。但是社会同伴能否对集体的结果产生积极的贡献是未知的。社会情境中最终的结果不单单取决于个人的行为，还受到他人的影响。他人的参与引入了一种社会不确定性。人们既需要关注自身努力的有效性，也需要考虑社会情境中自我和他人对结果的影响。效力和社会情境共同调节人类实现目标的努力。 本文聚焦人们付出努力过程中的不确定因素，考察了效力(自我表现与结果的关联)与社会情境(他人表现与结果的关联)影响努力的机制。基于行为、脑电图和漂移扩散模型等手段考察了以下几个问题:1)效力和社会情境对努力的影响(研究一)?时间进程中，效力激励的努力的神经特征是什么，以及这些神经特征与努力的关系是什么(研究二)? 研究一发现高效力促进高努力，而社会情境调节基于效力的努力，表现为社会情境降低了效力对努力的影响。对比社会情境，非社会情境下参与者的正确反应时在高、低效力条件的差异更大。社会情境没有影响基于反馈的努力调整。效力和奖励反馈交互影响努力的调整。对比低效力情境，上一回合高效力情境的低奖励反馈促进了整体努力(overall effort )的调整，也促进了努力的稳定性(sustained effort / effort stability)的调整。进一步的探索，社会情境的自我一他人表现反馈影响努力的调整。尤其是，对比社会情境中他人的表现反馈，人们更多基于自己的表现反馈进行调整，包括整体的努力提高和努力的稳定性提局。 研究二发现人们通过调节准备过程的状态影响目标导向的努力。与前人研究一致，本研究验证了准备过程的两个关键神经特征:1) target-CNV } 2p振荡。在高效力情境中，target-CNV和p振荡更大。在前人研究的基础上，我们进一步发现了CNV不仅可以预测整体努力的提高，也可以预测努力的稳定性。通过贝叶斯层级中介分析，我们建立了一个时间进程的模型。首先，准备过程的前摄控制效应(proactive control)可以预测效力对努力的调节。其次，执行任务时人们通过变化的漂移率(drift rate)和决策边界(decision boundary)产生高质量的表现。重要的是，准备过程的神经特征CNV和p振荡通过调节执行过程的漂移率来影响努力稳定性。 此外，研究二发现效力和奖励反馈的交互作用于努力调整。在高效力条件下，上一回合的低奖励反馈促进整体努力的调整和努力稳定性的调整。fb-P3b与奖励反馈有交互作用，可以预测VTC的调整。fb-P3b越小，VTC调整越多。高、低奖励反馈的趋势相反。上一回合得到高奖励，fb-P3b越小，下一回合努力稳定性下降。上一回合得到低奖励，fb-P3越小，下一回合努力稳定性提高。 综上，本文探讨了效力和社会情境影响人们目标导向努力的机制。两个研究的结果可以为理解社会互动中适应性努力提供见解，包括如何通过改变准备状态、提供奖励反馈以及自我一他人的表现反馈在社会情境中调整努力。 |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 源URL | [http://ir.psych.ac.cn/handle/311026/43480]  |
| 专题 | 心理研究所_认知与发展心理学研究室 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 曹思琪. 效力和社会情境影响努力的机制[D]. 中国科学院心理研究所. 中国科学院大学. 2022. |
入库方式： OAI收割
来源：心理研究所
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