Abrasion is a phenomenon in which the reduction of volume and mass of the material surface is caused by friction, scratching and percussion, thus, it is promising to modify the surface characteristics for abrasion resistance enhancement. In this study, polyurea waterproof adhesive (PUA), polyurethane waterproof coating (PUR), iron sheet (IS), and rubber (RB) are applied for surface treatments to improve the abrasion resistance of concrete, and their effects on the mechanical strength, nano-scratch, drop-weight impact and resistance to debris flow abrasion are investigated. The results show that all surface treatment methods improve the flexural strength of concrete, while PUA, PUR and IS surface treatments reduce the compressive strength due to the size effect of concrete. The high-hardness surface treatments (PUA and IS) signiflcantly reduce the abrasion rate due to their excellent resistance to impact and scratches, exhibiting a low roughness after abrasion. Abrasion rate of concretes PUA and IS at 48 h are 0.04 g/h and 0.03 g/h, respectively, which decrease by 75% and 81%, compared to the untreated concrete. The aggregates cutting, micro-cracks, scratches and indentation formation are abrasion failure mechanisms of surface-treated concrete caused by debris flow. PUA and IS surface treatment methods with a suitable thickness are recommended to enhance the resistance to debris flow abrasion of concrete pro-tective structures.