眼睛效应与亲社会行为:感知规范的作用机制
文献类型：学位论文
| 作者 | 时彗颖 |
| 答辩日期 | 2022-12 |
| 文献子类 | 硕士 |
| 授予单位 | 中国科学院大学 |
| 授予地点 | 中国科学院心理研究所 |
| 其他责任者 | 刘萍萍 |
| 关键词 | 眼睛效应 感知 社会规范 预防定向 亲社会行为 |
| 学位名称 | 理学硕士 |
| 学位专业 | 发展与教育心理学 |
| 其他题名 | The watching eves effect and nro-social behavior: The role of perceived norms |
| 中文摘要 | The watching eyes effect refers to a phenomenon that people change behavior while being exposed to images of watching eyes. However, the robustness of the watching eyes effect remains controversial. There are four main views related to the watching eyes effect: 1) promoting pro-social behavior; 2) promoting compliance with social norms; 3) reducing anti-social behavior; and 4) having no effect. Through the literature analysis method, from a viewpoint of perceived norms, we found that when the prevalence of perceived prosocial norms is high, the watching eyes effect can not only "promote prosocial behavior" or "promote more compliance with social norms", but also "reduce anti-social behavior". However, when the prevalence of perceived prosocial norms is low, the watching eyes effect will not take place on some anti-social behaviors. When normative misperception is high without normative intervention, the watching eyes effect will also disappear on some anti-social behaviors. In addition, individuals who are sensitive to social norms may be more prone to the watching eyes effects, and thus they are more likely to follow the perceived prosocial norms. Therefore, the present review integrates the existing four views into a synthesized one called "the watching eyes effect under different perceived norms", which reveals the reasons for the instability of the watching eyes effect and proposes an influential model. Therefore, by integrating the above four controversial views, it is concluded that the reason for the instability of the watching eyes effect is the difference of different perceived norms. A prediction model of the watching eyes effect is proposed, and two studies are carried out to verify this conclusion. In addition to the robustness of the watching eyes effect, its influential mechanism is also controversial, mainly including reputation mechanism and norm mechanism. Through experimental research, the influential mechanism of the watching eyes effect is further explored from a viewpoint of perceived norms, and a mediating effect hypothesis model and a moderated mediating effect hypothesis model are proposed. The empirical part includes two studies with a total of three experiments. The purpose of Study 1 (Experiment 1) is to test the watching eyes effect on perceived norms and behavioral intentions. Experiment 1 simulated the waste separation situation and used a design of 2 (separation normative information: high vs low) X 2 (eyes cues: yes vs no) between-subjects. The dependent variables are perceived norms and behavioral intention of separation. 148 subjects participated in the experiment. The results showed that the watching eyes effect significantly influenced people's perceived norms, but failed to change behavioral intentions. The purpose of Study 2 was first to verify the results of Study 1 that the watching eyes effect can influence perceived norms, then to examine whether the watching eyes effect can change behavior, and then to examine the mediating effect of perceived norms. In addition, individual differences were further explored. Because individuals with higher sensitivity to perceived norms are more likely to be affected by the watching eyes effect, and individuals with different prevention focus may have different sensitivity to perceived norms, we tested prevention focus as a sensitivity variables. To test whether individuals with different prevention focus are more sensitive to perceived norms, and to explore whether the sensitivity has a moderating effect on the mediation model. The Study 2 consists of two parts: Experiment 2 and 3, respectively, using the the waste separation situation and the real pro-environmental donation situation. Experiment 2 based on Experiment 1，still used 2 (separation normative information: high vs low) X 2 (eyes cues: yes vs no) between-subjects design, but widened the gap between high and low normative information and increased the frequency of eyes cues appearing, as well as added sensitivity variables to social norms (prevention focus), to explore the influential mechanism of watching eyes effect again. 212 subjects participated in the experiment, and the results showed that (1) There is an interaction between eye cues and normative information. It marginal significantly changed both perceived norms and significantly changed behavioral intention. (2) Perceived norms fully mediated the relationship between eyes cues and behavioral intention. (3) Sensitivity (prevention focus) has a negative moderating effect on the second half of the mediation model, that is, eyes cues, perceived norms, prevention focus and behavioral intention constitute a moderated mediation effect model. Experiment 3 built on Experiment 2 with 2 (donation normative information: high vs low) X 2 (eyes cues: yes vs no) between-subjects design. Subjects were the same as in experiment 2. The real donation behavior was further measured to explore the influential mechanism of the watching eyes effect again. The results showed that (1) The main effect of eyes cues and their interaction with normative information significantly changed both perceived norms, behavioral intention and behavior. (2) Perceived norms fully mediated the relationship between eyes cues and behavioral intention or behavior. In summary, this study conducted in-depth exploration on how the watching eyes effect affects behavior and its influential mechanism through literature analysis and experimental research. For the question of how to influence behavior, we found that under the appearance of unstable eye effect, there is actually a stable core of the "perceived norm", and an influential model of watching eyes effect is proposed. As for the influential mechanism, we further explored the watching eyes effect to change behavior by influencing perceived norms through experimental research, and proposed and verified the mediating effect model. This finding supports the norm mechanism, but breaks new ground. The watching eyes effect first changes the perceived norm and then promotes the compliance with the perceived norm. In addition, individual differences are explored from the perspective of sensitivity, and a moderated mediation effect model is proposed and verified. The present work sheds light on decoding the reason for the instability of the watching eyes effect and the influential mechanism of the watching eyes effect, providing theoretical supports for empirical research and practical application in the future. |
| 英文摘要 | 眼睛效应指人们面对眼睛或类似眼睛的图案时会发生行为改变的现象。但是，眼睛效应的稳健性备受争议，主要有四种观点:促使人们更亲社会、更遵守社会规范、降低反社会行为、无效果。本论文采用文献分析和实验研究法，考察了眼睛线索对亲环境行为影响的稳健性，以及感知规范在其中的作用机制。 首先，本论文通过文献分析法，基于感知规范的视角，梳理总结，有如下几点发现。第一，当感知亲社会规范流行程度较高时，眼睛效应既会“促进亲社会行为”或“促进人们遵守社会规范”，也会“降低反社会行为”。但是，当感知亲社会规范流行程度较低时，眼睛效应对一些反社会行为“无效果”。第二，当规范错觉较大且无规范干预时，眼睛效应同样对一些反社会行为无效果。第三，对规范感知敏感度较高的群体，更容易受到眼睛效应影响而实施亲社会行为。因此，眼睛效应不稳定的原因，可能是因为不同感知规范的差异，由此构建了眼睛效应的影响规律模型。 其次，本论文通过两个研究验证感知规范在眼睛效应中的作用机制。眼睛效应的影响机制尚不明确，主要有声誉机制和规则机制。我们通过2个研究共3个实验，从感知规范的视角探索眼睛效应的影响机制，提出了中介模型假设和有调节的中介模型假设。研究一(实验1)招募了148位被试，检验了眼睛效应对感知规范及行为意愿的影响。实验1模拟垃圾分类情境，采用2(分类规范信息:高vs低)X 2(眼睛线索:眼睛vs控制)的被试间设计，因变量为感知规范和分类意愿。结果表明，眼睛效应显著影响了人们的感知规范，但未能改变行为意愿。 在研究一的基础上，研究二分别采用模拟垃圾分类的情境(实验2)，以及真实的亲社会捐赠情境(实验3)，招募了212位被试，再次探讨眼睛效应能否改变行为(意愿)，同时检验感知规范的中介作用，以及探索眼睛效应如何受到个体差异的影响。不同预防定向的个体，可能对规范感知敏感度不同，可能受到眼睛效应的影响不同，因此我们将预防定向作为一种易感程度变量检验。 实验2采用2(分类规范信息:高vs低)X 2(眼睛线索:眼睛vs控制)的被试间设计，加入了个体对社会规范的易感程度变量(预防定向)，再次探索眼睛效应的影响机制。结果表明:(1)眼睛线索与规范信息具有交互作用，显著影响了行为意愿，边缘显著影响了感知规范;(2)感知规范对眼睛线索与行为意愿之间的关系具有完全中介作用;(3 )易感程度(预防定向)对中介模型的后半段具有负向调节作用，即眼睛线索、感知规范、预防定向和分类意愿四者之间构成了有调节的中介效应模型。 实验3在实验2的基础上，采用2(捐赠规范信息:高vs低)X 2(}良睛线索: 眼睛VS控制)的被试间设计，采用真实捐赠行为，再次探索眼睛效应的影响机制。 结果表明:(1)眼睛线索显著提升了感知规范、行为意愿和真实行为;(2)感知规范对眼睛线索与行为意愿及行为之间的关系均具有完全中介作用。 综上所述，本论文深入探讨了眼睛效应影响行为改变的作用机制。对于如何影响行为这一问题，我们发现在眼睛效应不稳定的表象下，“感知规范”在其中起着重要作用，提出了眼睛效应的影响规律模型。我们通过实验进一步探索了眼睛效应通过影响感知规范来改变行为，提出并验证了中介效应模型。这一发现支持了眼睛效应的规则机制，即眼睛效应可能是首先改变了感知规范，然后才促进遵守感知规范和行为改变。最后，本论文从易感程度的角度，揭示了眼睛效应的个体差异。 总之，本论文揭示了眼睛效应不稳定的原因及眼睛效应的影响机制，为未来实证研究和实践应用提供理论基础。未来研究需要更精准的规范操控和人群划分，进一步探索眼睛效应的稳定性，才能更好地控制和应用眼睛效应。眼睛效应作为一种成本低廉的助推方式，在解决了不稳定这一弊端以后，将能够大幅降低人员管理成本，在公共事务及商业等领域凸显更大应用价值，创造更好的社会环境。 |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 源URL | [http://ir.psych.ac.cn/handle/311026/45070]  |
| 专题 | 心理研究所_认知与发展心理学研究室 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 时彗颖. 眼睛效应与亲社会行为:感知规范的作用机制[D]. 中国科学院心理研究所. 中国科学院大学. 2022. |
入库方式： OAI收割
来源：心理研究所
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