中国人个体主义/集体主义的成因研究:从宗法制度出发
文献类型：学位论文
| 作者 | 柳泽宇 |
| 答辩日期 | 2023-06 |
| 文献子类 | 硕士 |
| 授予单位 | 中国科学院大学 |
| 授予地点 | 中国科学院心理研究所 |
| 其他责任者 | 朱廷劭 |
| 关键词 | 个体主义/集体主义 地区差异 宗法制度 亲属密集型社会制度 |
| 学位名称 | 理学硕士 |
| 学位专业 | 应用心理 |
| 其他题名 | Research on the Causes of Individualism/Collectivism in the Chinese: Based on ZongFa System |
| 中文摘要 | In recent years, more and more scholars have become aware of the cultural differences between individualism and collectivism within China but have often struggled to explain the reasons behind them. This is mainly reflected in two aspects: Firstly, many "imported" theories from Western cultural studies, such as pathogen-prevalence theory and modernization theory, do not fit well within the Chinese context. Empirical studies in China have found that these theories are inadequate in explaining the cultural differences in individualism and collectivism. Secondly, two local theories proposed in China一the rice theory and the climato一economic theory一conflict with each other, and their research methods have been widely criticized by local Chinese scholars. This study believes that these problems arise, on the one hand, because the relevant research has not strictly defined the sampling criteria, resulting in the inclusion of many provinces with cultural particularities (such as Sichuan and Yunnan), which exaggerates the effects of certain specific factors. On the other hand, the proposers of these theories lack a deep understanding of China's national conditions and history. The study by Schulz and his colleagues provided inspiration for this study. They believed that social systems may have an impact on cultural change before ecological factors. They systematically investigated the destruction of kinship-based social systems by the Western Catholic Church, which promoted the development of individualistic psychology. While the West chose to destroy this system in the Middle Ages, China developed a new and unique kinship-intensive system, ZongFa system. The ZongFa system was a lineage system evolved from the blood relationship of the paternal clan, with the core being the inheritance system of the eldest legitimate son and the assurance of someone to worship after death. Based on the core features of kinship-intensive social systems, the ZongFa system further adjusted personal interpersonal and property relations, resulting in collectivist culture as an inevitable outcome. In terms of regional distribution, the ZongF a system showed a pattern of being stronger in the south and weaker in the north, similar to the distribution of collectivist culture in China. Therefore, this study proposes that regional differences in ZongFa system may lead to differences in individualism/collectivism culture within China. Based on this premise, this study strictly established sampling standards at the provincial level and conducted four empirical studies to test the hypothesis. Considering that the ZongFa system no longer exists in China, this study is based on the cultural inertia hypothesis, which suggests that the differential patterns resulting from historical cultural practices still exist in contemporary China. Study 1 collected data from 6,700 participants on collectivism, holistic thinking, and the frequency of activities related to ZongFa system (FAZF) using an online survey. After excluding the provincial clustering effect and controlling for demographic information of the participants, Study 1 used linear regression to explore the relationship between FAZF and individual collectivism/holistic thinking. The results showed that FAS significantly predicted collectivism. Study 2 used Weibo data and related dictionary to measure collectivism and individualism among 322,051 and 300,515 subjects in 193 and 194 cities in 2011 and 2012, respectively. After controlling for ecological variables at the city level, such as rice planting ratio and per capita GDP, Study 2 explored the relationship between the city-level ZongFa system and individualism/collectivism at the individual level through hierarchical linear regression. The results showed that the city-level ZongFa system (surname concentration, fertility rate, and sex ratio of newborns) could significantly positively predict collectivism, but not individualism. Study 3 further extended that regional differences in ZongFa system were for maintaining social stability and enhancing social control, and assumed a mediating model, that is "distance from the political center一regional differences in ZongFa system一individualism/collectivism differences". Study 3 measured individualism/ collectivism in 816 districts and counties in China using macro data (such as family size and divorce rate) and controlled for ecological variables at the county level. The hypothesis was tested through mediation analysis and structural equation analysis. The results supported the existence of the mediating model. The three studies consistently show that the ZongFa system can effectively explain the differences in individualism/collectivism culture within China and has the greatest effect. Based on this, Study 4 used the Twenty-Six Histories as a research tool, extracted keywords related to individualism through natural language processing, and longitudinally examined the trend of individualism in Chinese history from the Han Dynasty to the fall of the Qing Dynasty, and speculated that the ZongFa system might be the driving force behind the cultural changes in individualism. In summary, this series of studies supports the view that the ZongFa system is the cause of individualism/collectivism cultural differences in China. On the one hand, this study provides a perspective for interpreting cultural differences within China based on Chinese history and the current context. On the other hand, it provides new evidence for social system theory and further extends the theory in terms of the specific causes of social systems. |
| 英文摘要 | 近年来，越来越多的学者意识到了中国内部个体主义/集体主义文化差异，但在解释其中原因时往往捉襟见肘。主要体现在:第一，西方文化研究中的“舶来品”(如病原体流行理论和现代化理论)存在水土不服的现象，大量地中国实证研究发现相关理论难以解释中国内部个体主义/集体主义文化差异;第二，立足于中国本土的理论一一水稻理论和气候经济理论一一相互冲突，且二者的研究方法受到了中国本土学者的广泛质疑。本研究认为，之所以存在这些问题，一方面在于相关研究并未严格的制定取样标准，使许多文化特异性(如四川和云南)省份被纳入，从而夸大了某些特定因素的效应;另一方面在于相关理论的提出者缺乏对中国国情和中国历史深入了解。 Schulz等人的研究给本文以启发。他们认为社会制度可能先于生态因素对文化变迁造成影响。他们系统考察了西方天主教会对以亲属为基础的社会制度的破坏，从而促进个体主义心理的发展。而当中世纪的西方选择破坏这一制度时，中国却在此基础上发展出了全新的、独特的亲属密集型制度一一宗法制度。宗法制度是由父系氏族的血缘关系演变而成的一种家族制度，其核心是嫡长子继承制和确保死后有人祭拜。在亲属密集型社会制度核心特点基础上，宗法制度进一步调整了个人的人际关系和财产关系，使集体主义文化成为一种必然结果。在地区分布上，宗法制度呈现南强北弱特点，与过往研究发现中国集体主义文化分布相似。 因此，本研究提出:宗法制度地区差异可能导致了中国内部个体主义/集体主义文化差异。在此基础上，本研究制定了省份层面取样标准，并开展了四个实证研究检验假设。考虑到当下中国并不存在宗法制度，本研究基于文化惰性假说，认为历史上文化实践导致的差异模式在当下中国仍然存在。 研究一利用在线问卷收集了6700名被试的集体主义、整体性思维和宗族活动。在排除掉省份层面的聚集效应，并对被试人口学信息进行控制后，研究一通过线性回归探讨个体宗族活动与个体集体主义/整体性思维的关系。结果发现，宗族活动可以显著正向预测集体主义，但不能显著预测整体性思维。 研究二利用微博数据和相关词典，测量了2011年322051名被试和2012年300515名被试的集体主义和个体主义，被试分别从属于193和194个城市。在控制城市层面生态变量(如水稻种植比、人均GDP)后，研究二通过分层线性回归探讨城市层面宗法制度与个体层面个体主义/集体主义的关系。结果发现，城市层面宗法制度差异(姓氏集中度、生育率和新生儿男女性别比)可以显著正向预测集体主义，但不能预测个体主义。 研究三在核心假设基础上进一步延伸，认为宗法制度地区差异是为了维护社会稳定与加强社会控制，并假设了“距离政治中心的远近一宗法制度的地区差异一个体主义/集体主义文化差异”这一中介模式。研究三利用了宏观数据(如家庭规模、离婚率)测量了中国816个区县的个体主义/集体主义，在控制了区县层面生态变量后，通过中介效应分析和结构方程分析检验假设。结果支持了这一模式存在。 三个研究结果一致地表明，宗法制度可以有效地解释中国内部个体主义/集体主义文化的差异，且效应最大。在此基础上，研究四以二十六史为研究工具，通过自然语言处理技术提取与个体主义相关的关键词，纵向地考查了中国历史上自汉朝开朝至清朝灭亡个体主义的变化趋势，并猜想宗法制度可能是个体主义/集体主义文化变迁的驱动力。 总之，该系列研究支持了这样一种观点，即宗法制度可能是中国人个体主义/集体主义文化差异的原因。本研究一方面结合中国国情与中国历史，提出了一个解释中国内部文化差异新的视角;另一方面为社会制度理论提供了新的证据，并在特定社会制度的成因上进一步拓展了该理论。 |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 源URL | [http://ir.psych.ac.cn/handle/311026/45210]  |
| 专题 | 心理研究所_社会与工程心理学研究室 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 柳泽宇. 中国人个体主义/集体主义的成因研究:从宗法制度出发[D]. 中国科学院心理研究所. 中国科学院大学. 2023. |
入库方式： OAI收割
来源：心理研究所
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