Background The mental health of employees in railway enterprises is related to the safety and stability of railway transportation. As an important factor affecting occupational mental health，job characteristics have attracted the attention of researchers. However， there exists a lack of job characteristic scales with occupational specificity in current researches relevant to the railway industry. Objective To develop a job characteristics questionnaire oriented to railway employees that takes both Job Demands-Resources Model (JD-R) and Chinese actual conditions into essential consideration，so as provide guidance for the research on the mental health of railway employees. Methods Purposive and theoretical samplings were used to select 77 employees across 9 railway units as research objects，and interview method was used to conduct qualitative research in order to determine the structural dimensions and items of the questionnaire. The 612 subjects randomly selected from the railway maintenance system went through the preliminary test, then exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were employed to test the questionnaire. After forming a formal questionnaire on the job characteristics of railway employees，it is extended to the other four main industry systems of railway enterprises，responsible for locomotive maintenance, vehicle depot, signal and communication maintenance, and power supply respectively, to verify the stability and effectiveness. Results ①Exploratory factor analysis showed that the questionnaire included two factors，job demands and job resources，with a total of 14 items. The factor loading of each item ranged from 0.761 to 0. 916, and the two factors accounted for 71.02% of the total variance. The results of confirmatory factor analysis indicated good fitting of the two-factor model (x²/df 3.310, RMSEA=0.087, GFI=0.892, CFI=0.932, NFI=0.905, IFI=0.932). ②Confirmatory factor analysis was carried out in four extended samples of locomotive maintenance，vehicle depot, signal and communication maintenance, and power supply, and each result indicated a satisfactory model fit (x²/df=2.678，4.741，4.868, 3.502.RMSEA=0.109, 0.096, 0.093, 0.084, GFI=0.832, 0.878, 0.894, 0.904, NFI=0.874, 0.935, 0.902, 0.928, IFI=0.917，0. 948，0. 920 , 0. 947).③ Job demands in five sub-samples can positively predict job burnout and turnover intention (β=0.54~0,686, 0.425~0.554, P<0.01). Job resources in five sub-samples can positively predict job performance and job satisfaction (β=0.594~0.752, 0.731~0.807，P<0.01)，and it can also negatively predict job burnout and turnover intention (β=-0.247 ~0.186，-0.357 -0.175，P<0.05 or 0. 01). In sub-samples of locomotive maintenance and power supply，job demands can positively predict job performance (β=0.242, 0.261，P<0. 01). In sub-samples of railway maintenance and signal and communication maintenance, job demands can negatively predict job satisfaction (,β=-0.065，-0.091，P<0.01). Conclusion The questionnaire has good reliability and validity，and is applicable for the study of occupational mental health research on railway employees.

背景 铁路企业员工心理健康关系到铁路运输的安全稳定，工作特征作为影响个体职业心理健康的重要因素，受到研究者关注，但目前缺少具有特异性的铁路企业员工工作特征评定量表。目的 基于工作要求-资源模型（JD-R）理论，编制适合中国国情的铁路企业员工工作特征问卷，为铁路企业员工心理健康研究提供调查工具。方法 通过目的抽样和理论抽样，选择9个铁路单位的77名员工为研究对象，使用访谈法进行质性研究，确定问卷结构维度和条目。对工务系统中随机抽样的612名被试进行初测，并采用探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析检验问卷。形成铁路企业员工工作特征正式问卷后，拓展到铁路企业机务、车辆、电务和供电四个主要业务系统中进行稳定性和有效性验证。结果 (1)问卷包含工作要求和工作资源两个因子，共14个条目，各条目因子载荷为0.761～0.916，两个因子共解释总方差的71.02%。二因素模型拟合良好（χ2/df=3.310,RMSEA=0.087,GFI=0.892,CFI=0.932,NFI=0.905,IFI=0.932）。(2)问卷在机务、车辆、电务、供电四个拓展样本中二因素模型均拟合良好（χ2/df=2.678、4.741、4.868、3.502,RMSEA=0.109、0.096、0.093、0.084,GFI=0.832、0.878、0.894、0.904,NFI=0.874、0.935、0.902、0.928,IFI=0.917、0.948、0.920、0.947）。(3)五个分样本的工作要求均能正向预测职业倦怠和离职意向（β=0.564～0.686、0.425～0.554,P均

国家社会科学基金重大项目（项目名称：新时代社会治理背景下的社会心理服务体系建设研究,项目编号：19ZDA358）;; 中国铁路成都局集团有限公司科技研究开发计划课题（项目名称：心理资本视角下干预铁路青年职工职业倦怠的策略研究,项目编号：CX21099）~~