视觉审美特性及机制研究
文献类型：学位论文
| 作者 | 吴逸凡 |
| 答辩日期 | 2023-06 |
| 文献子类 | 博士 |
| 授予单位 | 中国科学院大学 |
| 授予地点 | 中国科学院心理研究所 |
| 其他责任者 | 黄昌兵 |
| 关键词 | 视觉审美 审美特性 审美机制 美感 愉悦感受 |
| 学位名称 | 理学博士 |
| 学位专业 | 基础心理学 |
| 其他题名 | Characteristics and Mechanism of Visual Aesthetics |
| 中文摘要 | Visual aesthetics has long been an important topic of discussion in philosophy, literature, and art, and has garnered the attention of scholars in psychology in recent years. To better understanding the essence of visual aesthetics, researchers have gradually shifted from exploring the aesthetics-related potential factors to its characteristics and mechanisms. However, the lack of systematicity has been a weakness in the relevant research on visual aesthetic characteristics. Regarding mechanisms, two crucial questions still remain: firstly, whether the experience of beauty can be distinguished from the experience of pleasure, and secondly, which are the main brain regions implicated in processing visual aesthetics? Overall, the diversity of experimental purposes, materials, and methods in many studies have limited comparisons between different studies and the interpretation of research results, leaving the "mysterious veil" of visual aesthetics yet to be fully unveiled. On the one hand, our study aimed to systematically explore two important characteristics of visual aesthetics: stability and variability. On the other hand, we also tried to clarify the association between the feelings of beauty and pleasure from macroscopic perspective and the neural mechanisms underlying visual aesthetics from mesoscopic perspective. Moreover, we have overcome the limitations of previous studies that were caused by a small range of beauty degrees in experimental materials through comprehensive collection, evaluation, and selection of image stimuli. Our research is divided into two parts. In study 1，we systematically investigated the two mentioned characteristics of visual aesthetics. Image libraries were established through pilot study before conducting formal experiments for the purpose of the requirement. In Experiment 1，we recruited 43 subjects to evaluate all images twice over two consecutive days, with an interval of 24 hours, to explore visual aesthetic stability. We considered various features, including low-level properties (brightness, saturation, etc.), high-level properties (content, representational degree), and personal traits (personality, intelligence, etc.) that could impact visual aesthetic stability. In Experiment 2 and Experiment 3, we recruited 50 and 58 subjects, respectively, to explore the time course and breakthrough suppression time of visual aesthetic variability by examining beauty evaluations under multiple presentation time conditions and the Continuous Flash Suppression (CFS) paradigm. The results showed that: 1) high-level properties have a greater impact on the two kinds of stability than low-level properties. Additionally, compared with personality, the stability of visual aesthetics may have a greater relationship with the individual's knowledge experience and nonverbal intelligence. 2) people can form a relatively stable aesthetic evaluation within an average of 50ms. However, the time course of visual aesthetics is affected by the beauty degree of the image, while no low-level 3) breakthrough suppression time was found to be affected by the beauty degree of images, and certain low-level properties of the stimulus and personal traits had a predictive effect on breakthrough suppression time. Study 2 comprised seven experiments aimed at exploring mechanisms of visual aesthetics from both macroscopic and mesoscopic perspectives. The first four experiments examined the relationship between beauty and pleasure from a macroscopic perspective: Experiment 4a, 4b and 4c investigated the separation of beauty and pleasure in stability, time course and breakthrough suppression time, respectively, on the basis of the exploration of the characteristics in Study 1. Experiment 4d then investigated the priming effect of emotion on beauty and pleasure evaluation. The results indicated that: 1) there was no obvious dissociation between beauty and pleasure from the aspect of stability. 2) The beauty degree of an image primarily determined the parameters of the time course pattern of feelings, rather than the pleasure degree. 3) Inconsistent effects were observed between the beauty degree and pleasure degree of images on breakthrough suppression time. 4) If the target stimulus was pleasant, compared with the pleasant (positive) priming feeling, the unpleasant (negative) priming feeling significantly reduced the pleasure evaluation for the target stimulus, but beauty evaluation remained unaffected. For the experiments of neural mechanism, experiment Sa firstly analyzed the activation differences between beauty and ugliness, and experiment Sb further analyzed the performance of beauty and pleasure feelings in neural activity; Experiment 6 then explored whether beautiful feeling have shared brain regions. The results showed that: 1) Unbeautiful images activated the cingulate, insula, and supplementary motor area more than beautiful images; but beautiful images had no significant activation compared with unbeautiful images. 2) Regarding the relationship between beauty and pleasure in neural activity, the whole brain activation of beauty and pleasure appeared opposite polarity effects, while the main brain regions encoding beauty and pleasure are partly shared and partly independent. This suggests that the brain processing of beauty and pleasure may have common parts, but also their own specificities. 3) Finally, for the shared brain area of beautiful feeling, no single or multiple main brain regions were discovered, and different activation patterns were displayed in different image categories. Therefore, beauty may not be a single function, but rather a distributed representation that integrates multiple functions, including sensation, perception, memory, and decision-making. That's why its characteristics associated with many factors, like stimulus properties, beauty degree and pleasure degree of images, and even personal traits. Our research systematically explores the characteristics of visual aesthetics from multiple dimensions, and finds outs some regularities and distinctions, which will help us to better understand visual aesthetics. From the perspective of mechanism, our examination of the relationship between beauty and pleasure uncovered a polarity inconsistency between these two feelings in aesthetic experience. This finding challenges the previous viewpoint that strong positive correlation exists between the intensity of beauty and pleasure, as emphasized in earlier studies (Brielmann&Pelli, 2017, 2019a, 2019b). Furthermore, we explored the relationship of beauty and pleasure in the visual aesthetic process from various characteristics and neural mechanisms, highlighting that while beauty and pleasure exhibit more consistency in macroscopic characteristics, they are more inconsistent in microscopic features, particularly timing-related characteristics and neural activities. The results of the neural mechanism also suggest that the representation of visual aesthetics might be distributed. This discovery has revealed new aspects to explore the essence of aesthetics. Our method for separating beauty and pleasure from image stimuli provides valuable insights for future aesthetic studies. Additionally, our study identifies regular patterns of characteristics and mechanisms of visual aesthetics that could guide the application of visual art in different scenarios. |
| 英文摘要 | 作为审美体验的重要组成部分，视觉审美在哲学、文学和艺术等领域长期占据重要地位，近些年也逐渐引起心理学领域学者的关注。为了更深入地了解视觉审美的本质，研究者也从主要探索视觉审美有关的因素逐渐转向对其特性和机制的挖掘。但各特性的相关研究仍较为零散，缺乏系统性;在机制上有两个重要的问题仍没有明确答案:美感的体验是否离不开愉悦感受?视觉审美在神经活动上的表现如何?整体来看，各研究也表现出实验目的、实验材料和实验方法多样性的特点，在一定程度上限制了不同研究之间的比较和对研究结果的解释。视觉审美的“神秘面纱”依旧有待揭开。本研究通过使用全面搜集、评价和筛选后的图片作为实验刺激，突破前人诸多研究中存在的实验材料选择上美丑跨度小造成的局限，旨在对视觉审美稳定性和变化性两种重要特性进行系统的研究，并尝试分别从宏观角度一一美感和愉悦感受的关系及介观角度一一神经活动来对视觉审美机制进行深入探索。 实验研究主要分为两部分。研究一包括三个实验，对视觉审美特性进行了系统研究。依据实验目的，稳定性实验和变化性实验前均进行了先导实验，以建立有针对性的图片库。实验一招募了43名被试对所有图片进行了间隔24小时的两次审美评价，从图片的低水平特征(亮度、饱和度等)、高水平特征(内容、写实程度)、被试的个性特征(人格、智力等)和视觉审美个体稳定性(个体跨时间评价的一致性程度)及群体稳定性(不同个体对相同刺激评价的一致性程度)的关系来探索视觉审美稳定性;实验二和实验三分别招募50名和58名被试、使用控制呈现时间与不控制呈现时间审美评价相关性方法和连续闪烁抑制范式(Continuous Flash Suppression, CFS)分别对审美变化性中的时间进程和突破抑制时间进行了探究。研究一结果表明:1)刺激高水平特征比低水平特征对两种稳定性的影响更大;相比于人格等，审美体验的稳定性可能同个体的知识经验和智力等有较大的关系。2)被试平均能够在S Oms内形成较为稳定的审美评价;此外，视觉审美的时间进程受到图片美丽程度的影响，但刺激的低水平特征和被试特征同时间进程无关。3)被试对图片的突破抑制时间受到图片美丽程度的影响;一些刺激低水平特征和被试特征对突破抑制时间有一定的预测作用。 研究二包括七个实验，从宏观和介观角度对视觉审美机制进行了探究。前四个实验从宏观角度对美感和愉悦感受的关系进行了研究:实验四a、四b、四c首先在研究一对各特性探索的基础上对视觉审美机制进行探索，分别考察了美感和愉悦感受在稳定性、时间进程和突破抑制时间上的关系;实验四d则从情绪启动的角度对愉悦感受在视觉审美过程中的作用进行考察。这四个实验的结果发现: 1)美感和愉悦感受在稳定性特征上没有较为明显的分离。2)美感和愉悦感受在时间进程上表现出了分离:审美过程中感受的时间进程的各指标主要由图片的美感决定，图片的愉悦感受对其没有显著影响。3)图片的美感和愉悦感受在突破抑制时间上表现出了不一致的效应。4)若目标刺激本身属于愉悦类型，同愉悦(正性)启动相比，不愉悦(负性)启动使得被试对目标刺激的愉悦感受评分显著降低，但美感评分在两种不同启动情绪下并无显著差异。后三个实验从介观角度对视觉审美的神经活动进行了研究:实验五a首先对美丑的激活差异进行了比较，实验五b基于实验五a对美感和愉悦感受在神经活动上的表现进行了分析;实验六则对不同类型的美丽图片是否具有共享脑区进行了探索。这三个实验的结果发现: 1)对于美丑激活差异而言，不美的图片比美的图片更大地激活了扣带回、脑岛和运动辅助区等;但美的图片比不美的图片无显著的激活脑区。2)对于美感和愉悦感受在神经活动上的关系而言，美感和愉悦感受在全脑激活上表现出极性相反的效应;编码美感和愉悦感受的主要脑区有相同也有不同。这提示美感和愉悦感受的神经机制可能有共有部分，也有自身特异性之处。3)美丽感受的神经机制并没有共享的单一或多个主要脑区，其在不同维度分类上有其不同的激活模式和表征。这提示视觉审美可能并不是一个特定于某一个脑区或某几个脑区的感受，其可能融合感觉、知觉、记忆和决策等多种功能从而体现出分布式表征，所以会受到刺激材料内容、美丑程度和愉悦程度等的影响。 本研究从多个维度对视觉审美特性进行了系统地探索，其中发现的规律和特点有助于我们形成对视觉审美更深入的认识。在审美机制的研究中，我们一方面发现了审美体验中存在美感和愉悦感受极性不一致的情况，突破了前人研究中强调的美感和愉悦感受显著正相关且愉悦感受是美感体验的必要条件((Brielmann & Pelli, 2017, 2019a, 2019b);并首次从各特性和神经机制的角度对审美过程中美感和愉悦感受的关系进行探究，揭示了美感和愉悦感受虽然在较为宏观的特性上表现相似，但在较为微观的特性上(尤其是时间特性和神经活动)存在显著地分离。神经机制的结果还提示视觉审美可能是一种分布式表征。这些研究结果对理解审美的本质起到了重要作用。从图片刺激材料上将美感和愉悦感受分离进行研究也为后续审美相关探索提供了新的视角。此外，依据本论文所发现的特性和机制也对一些视觉艺术的应用场景具有指导意义。 |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 源URL | [http://ir.psych.ac.cn/handle/311026/46212]  |
| 专题 | 心理研究所_认知与发展心理学研究室 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 吴逸凡. 视觉审美特性及机制研究[D]. 中国科学院心理研究所. 中国科学院大学. 2023. |
入库方式： OAI收割
来源：心理研究所
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