生物运动中社会信息的特异性表征
文献类型：学位论文
| 作者 | 程羽慧
|
| 答辩日期 | 2023-06 |
| 文献子类 | 博士 |
| 授予单位 | 中国科学院大学 |
| 授予地点 | 中国科学院心理研究所 |
| 其他责任者 | 蒋毅 |
| 关键词 | 生物运动 社会性信息 跨物种 社会互动 脑机制 |
| 学位名称 | 理学博士 |
| 学位专业 | 认知神经科学 |
| 其他题名 | The specific representation of social information in biological motion |
| 中文摘要 | Recognizing others' movements in a complex environment is a crucial ability, which is related to adaptive survival and social development. Biological motion could convey life signals and social information. For example, humans could decipher goal-directed actions to engage in social interaction and group behavior. Previous studies have mainly focused on the biological information of biological motion, and rarely examined social information conveyed by biological motion. With the enrichment of experimental materials and the development of experimental technology, researchers can explore the neural mechanism underlying biological motion perception from a new perspective. Accordingly, we investigated how our visual system represents social information carried by biological motion. First, identifying living creatures of the same species constitutes a prerequisite for humans to process social information of biological motion. Therefore, in the first part, we explored how humans process same- and cross一species biological motion. Are there specialized mechanisms for detecting the same-species biological motion? By adopting human and macaque biological motion, we explored this issue at behavioral, physiological, and neural levels. In study 1，subjects were asked to judge the walking direction of biological motion masked by noises. It was found that the perception of human and macaque biological motion was subject to an inversion effect for both the intact and scrambled versions. In addition, observers' performance was significantly better on recognizing intact human biological motion compared with intact macaque biological motion. This study demonstrates that the visual system processes biological motion across species in a similar way but is highly sensitive to conspecifics. In study 2, using pupillometry method, we explored the pupillary response when people perceived the biological motion across species. We found that pupil size was larger when observers viewed an upright human biological motion walker than an inverted one. Such an effect was attributed to kinematic characteristics rather than static configuration. Intriguingly, this pupil dilation effect could be extended to local feet motion, but can't be generalized to macaque biological motion. These findings demonstrate biological motion signals can be mirrored by pupil size, and provide direct physiological evidence for the specific processing of same-species biological motion. In study 3, we used the functional magnetic resonance imaging technology to further assess its brain basis. The univariate whole-brain analysis showed that middle temporal area (hMT+) generally responded to biological motion across species, while posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) only responded to same-species biological motion. The multivariate decoding results also found that whereas hMT+ and pSTS can represent same-species biological motion, only hMT+ was able to represent cross-species biological motion. Moreover, a specialized modulation of effective connectivity between hMT+ and pSTS by human biological motion perception rather than macaque biological motion perception was found. These results together demonstrate that the pSTS region at a higher hierarchy is specialized for processing the same-species biological motion that is closely relevant to social information, whereas the upstream hMT+ region may act as a generalized processor tuned to cross-species biological motion. The above three studies jointly reveal the privileged detection of conspecific biological motion. Secondly, the social information carried by biological movement is more reflected in the social interaction between multiple agents. Therefore, in the second part, we mainly focused on the specific cognitive and neural mechanisms of processing social interaction information. Study 4 assessed whether perceived social relations could induce a contextual effect. The study used a spatial contextual paradigm and a direction judgment task, and created implicit social relations by systematically manipulating the movement alignment of biological entities. Observers were required to judge the walking direction of the central walker when surrounding inducers were uniformly walked leftward and rightward, respectively. We found that the perceived walking direction of the central walker was attracted by the direction of those surrounding walkers, i.e., a contextual attraction effect. Through a series of control experiments, we found that this effect was not affected by the gender and speed of the surrounding people. In addition, this effect could not extend to the context of non-biological motion and static figure, but depended on simultaneous presentation and local motion clues. These findings provide new support for the distinctiveness of perceived social relations on contextual modulation, indicating that there may be a specialized contextual mechanism tuned to social group movements. Study 5 investigated whether the perception of social interaction can be reflected by our eyes. We found that observers' pupil size was significantly enlarged either when they viewed a single agent that sends interactive intention toward them than toward others in a "second person" perspective task, or when they viewed facing interactive dyads compared to non-facing dyads in a "third person" perspective task. Moreover, we confirmed that this pupil dilation effects depends on the communicative intention conveyed by the interactive agents. The present study substantiated that human visual system is highly sensitive to social interaction information, which paves the way for the potential application of pupil dilation as an index for high-level social cognitive processing. Study 6 explored the neural mechanisms underlying social interaction perception. We focused on μ suppression index, which is an EEG indicator reflecting activities of the mirror neuron system. We adopted a similar task as in Study 5, and recorded observers' EEG signals when they viewed social interaction displays from different person perspective. It was found that perceived social interaction induced stronger } suppression relative to non-interaction, while there was no difference in a suppression which showed comparable attentional states. These results provide a direct neural basis for the specific mechanism of processing social information embedded in biological motion. Taken together, the above three studies confirm that the visual system is highly sensitive to social interaction perception, as demonstrated by contextual effects, pupil responses, and neural indicators. To sum up, these studies highlight the specific visual representation of social information in biological movement from two aspects: the species specificity of biological motion processing and the cognitive characteristics of social interaction processing. They may lead to a promising application for the early diagnosis of social-cognitive disorders (such as autism) with deficits in animacy perception and social proficiency. |
| 英文摘要 | 在复杂环境中识别生物运动是一项至关重要的能力，这关系到每个物种的生存、适应和发展。生物运动信号不仅向我们传递了生命信息，还传递了丰富的社会信息。例如，人类需要理解动作背后的意图，来进一步参与到社会互动和群体行为中。前人研究更多关注生物运动的生物性信息加工，较少从社会信息加工的特异性角度对生物运动进行研究。随着实验材料的丰富和实验技术的发展，使得研究者可以从全新的视角对生物运动加工机制进行探索。因此，本研究关注人类视觉系统如何表征生物运动所携带的社会信息。 首先，识别同物种的生物体是人类加工生物运动中社会信息的前提条件。在第一部分我们探究了人类视觉系统如何表征不同物种的生物运动，即是否存在特异性的机制用于加工同类物种的生物运动。实验选用人类生物运动和称猴生物运动，分别从行为、生理指标和脑机制三个层面对此问题进行了探讨。研究一选用同时掩蔽行为范式，被试的任务是在噪音点中判断人类或称猴生物运动的行走方向。结果发现不论是完整形态还是打乱形态，人类识别正立生物运动的成绩都好于倒立的生物运动，即产生了显著的倒置效应;然而，被试识别完整人类生物运动的成绩要好于完整称猴生物运动。以上结果表明，人类对不同物种生物运动既表现出加工普遍性，又表现出对同类物种生物运动的加工特异性。研究二利用瞳孔大小作为指标，探究了加工不同物种生物运动的生理反应。结果发现，相比于倒立的生物运动，正立的人类生物运动可以诱发更强的瞳孔扩张，而且这种瞳孔扩张效应可能源于运动特性而非整体形态。此外，人类脚步生物运动序列同样可以诱发更强的瞳孔扩张反应，而称猴生物运动则无法诱发更强的瞳孔扩张反应。这些结果为人类对同类物种生物运动的加工特异性提供了直接的生理指标。研究三利用功能核磁共振技术进一步考察了人类加工不同物种生物运动的脑机制。单变量全脑分析的结果显示human middletemporal area (hMT+)对不同物种的生物运动都有反应，但posterior superiortemporal sulcus (pSTS)只对同物种生物运动加工具有反应。多变量解码结果同样发现，虽然hMT+和pSTS都可以解码同物种的生物运动，只有hMT+可以实现跨物种生物运动的解码。大脑连接分析的结果表明，加工同物种生物运动时，hMT+和pSTS存在正向连接;但是加工跨物种生物运动时，hMT+和pSTS之间没有明显的连接。这些结果共同表明更高级的pSTS脑区特异于表征同类生物运动信息，并可能负责加工其中的社会信息;而相对低级的hMT+脑区则可能具有表征跨物种生物运动的一般能力。以上三个研究分别从行为、生理反应以及脑机制的角度共同证明了人类对同物种生物运动的特异性表征。 其次，生物运动的社会信息更集中体现在多个同类物种之间的社会互动中。因此，在第二部分我们主要关注人类知觉社会互动的认知神经机制。研究四首先探究了社会关系是否会引起特定的情境效应。实验结合了空间情境范式和方向判断任务，通过群体小人的整体运动方向创造出内隐的社会关系，被试的任务是分别在周围群体小人向左走或向右走的情形下判断中间小人的行走方向。结果发现，人类判断个体小人的行走方向会被周围群体小人的行走方向所“吸引”，即表现出情境一致效应。通过一系列的控制实验，我们发现这种效应不受周围小人性别和速度的影响，且无法扩展到非生物运动和静止形态的情境中，但是依赖于同时呈现和运动线索。这些结果为社会关系调节情境感知提供了新的证据，表明可能存在一个特异于社会群体运动协调性和一致性的情境感知机制。研究五进一步考察了加工社会互动信息的生理指标。结果发现，在“第二人称”视角社会互动实验中，感知面对“自己”互动小人比面对“他人”非互动小人诱发了更强的瞳孔扩张效应;在“第三人称”视角社会互动实验中，感知“面对面”互动的小人比“背靠背”非互动的小人诱发更强的瞳孔扩张效应。此外，互动意图是引起瞳孔扩张效应的关键因素。这些实验结果不仅说明人类对社会互动信息高度敏感，也为瞳孔大小反映高级社会认知加工提供了重要依据。研究六探索了人类加工社会互动信息的神经指标。我们主要关注林抑制，它是反映镜像神经元的脑电指标。与研究五一样，被试的任务是观看社会互动动画。结果发现，不论是“第二人称”还是“第三人称”视角，观看互动动画都比非互动动画诱发了更强的林抑制，但在反映注意力程度的a指标上并没有差异。这些结果证明了感知社会互动信息会引发感觉运动系统的参与，为社会互动信息的特异性表征提供了直接的神经指标。以上研究结果分别从情景效应、生理指标和脑电指标印证了视觉系统对社会互动信息的加工敏感性。 综上所述，本研究从生物运动加工的物种特异性以及多人之间社会互动的加工特性两个层面强调了人类视觉系统对生物运动中社会信息的特异性表征，同时也为社会认知障碍人群(如自闭症)早期诊断的指标和靶点提供了新的启示。 |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 源URL | [http://ir.psych.ac.cn/handle/311026/46153]  |
| 专题 | 心理研究所_健康与遗传心理学研究室 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 程羽慧. 生物运动中社会信息的特异性表征[D]. 中国科学院心理研究所. 中国科学院大学. 2023. |
入库方式： OAI收割
来源：心理研究所
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