单选项时空框架:效应、心理机制与边界条件
文献类型：学位论文
| 作者 | 杜思源 |
| 答辩日期 | 2023-06 |
| 文献子类 | 硕士 |
| 授予单位 | 中国科学院大学 |
| 授予地点 | 中国科学院心理研究所 |
| 其他责任者 | 李纾 |
| 关键词 | 跨期决策 空间决策 框架效应 单选项 心理距离 |
| 学位名称 | 理学硕士 |
| 学位专业 | 应用心理学 |
| 其他题名 | A framing effect of intertemporal and spatial choice for one option: Effects, nsvchological mechanism and boundaryconditions |
| 中文摘要 | Time and space are inseparably linked in p场sics, and their relationship is usually connected by "velocity", where spatial distance equals the product of velocity and time. For the "travel distance of the same journey", we can describe it using either a spatial frame "it takes XX kilometers to travel from a to b", or an intertemporal frame "it takes XX minutes to travel from a to b". By using the conversion relationship between intertemporal and spatial distance, spatial choice can be equivalently transformed into intertemporal choice. According to the principle of invariance, the two completely equivalent decision problems formed through the mediation of "velocity" should not lead to different choice preferences. However, recent research has shown that when using two different frames of time/space to describe the choice between binary journeys, most people's choice preferences will change, which is known as the”A framing effect of intertemporal and spatial choice". However, in real-life situations, we are often faced with scenarios where we need to evaluate singular option (i.e., only one journey) rather than choosing between binary or multiple options. The existing results and theoretical explanatory mechanisms obtained from the binary choice context cannot directly help us answer questions "Will there be a framing effect of intertemporal and spatial choice for one option when facing either an intertemporal or a spatial frame? And if such an effect exists, what is its psychological mechanism? Are there any boundary conditions?" To answer the above questions, we conducted three studies (six experiments in total). Study 1 mainly investigated whether the framing effect exists when evaluating singular option. Study 2 aimed to explore the psychological mechanism underlying this effect. Study 3 further verified the robustness of the framing effect of intertemporal and spatial choice for one option and explored its boundary conditions under a wider range of parameters. In Study 1，we examined the existence of the framing effect of intertemporal and spatial choice for one option in evaluating singular option through both laboratory experiments (la) and field quasi-experiments (1b). In Experiment la, participants were randomly assigned to two different conditions (intertemporal frame vs. spatial frame) and completed a willingness-to-travel task in two travel scenarios. The results showed that compared to a "40min walking distance," people were more willing to travel when described as a "3km walking distance," and compared to a”15km subway ride," people were more willing to travel when described as a "25min subway ride." In Experiment 1b, we used a field quasi-experiment during the "Autumn Walking Campaign" to examine the framing effect in a real-life situation. The results showed that the framing significantly influenced people's willingness to travel among those who self-reported a lover of sports. Compared to a "40min walking distance", people had a higher willingness to travel when described as a "3km walking distance" in the spatial frame. The results detected in "real travel behavior" were consistent with theexpected direction but did not reach statistical significance. Study 2 is divided into two parts, Experiment 2a and Experiment 2b. Experiment 2a used the same scenario and parameters as Experiment la, but added the measurement of psychological distance, and employed a within-subject design and the same testing process as in la. Experiment 2b only exchanged the "multiple/single" attribute of travel purpose based on Experiment 2a. The results of Experiment 2a showed that psychological distance played a mediating role in the process of the framing effect of intertemporal and spatial choice for one option on travel willingness. We found that changes in the frame affected participants' perception of psychological distance, which further affected their willingness to travel. Specifically, the longer the psychological distance, the lower the willingness to travel, and conversely, the shorter the psychological distance, the higher the willingness to travel. The results of Experiment 2b showed that the direction of the framing effect of intertemporal and spatial choice for one option mainly depended on the parameter setting of the scenario, and once again supported the evidence that psychological distance played a mediating role in the process of the framing effect of intertemporal and spatial choice for one option on travel willingness. In study 3 .Experiment 3a found that the framing effect of intertemporal and spatial choice for one option still existed robustly over a wider range of parameter settings, and that the direction of it was moderated by the perceived physical effort when manipulating transportation modes. When the perceived physical effort was higher, participants had shorter psychological distance under the spatial frame, and higher willingness to travel; when the perceived physical effort was lower, participants had shorter psychological distance under the intertemporal frame, and higher willingness to travel. Experiment 3b used jspsych to simulate a starry sky shuttle experiment to explore the effect of the sensation of moving on the framing effect of intertemporal and spatial choice for one option. The results showed that the arousal of the sensation of moving would make people prefer options expressed in space (i.e., shorter psychological distance under the spatial frame and higher willingness to travel), and faster movement would amplify this trend. In summary, this study indicates that the framing effect of intertemporal and spatial choice for one option that violates the principle of invariance can still be detected in the evaluation scenario of singular option (i.e., only one journey). The possible psychological mechanism is that psychological distance mediates the relationship between the frame and travel willingness. In addition, the perceived physical effort and the sensation of moving modulate the frame effect. This study found that by simply manipulating the intertemporal or spatial frame, people's willingness to travel can be increased or decreased, which provides scientific evidence. |
| 英文摘要 | 时间和空间在物理上有着不可分割的联系，通常可以用“速度”来连接两者的关系，空间距离等于速度与时间的乘积。对于“同一段旅程的出行距离”，我们既可以用空间框架来描述，如“从a到b需要XX公里”，又可以用时间框架来描述，如“从a到b需要XX分钟”。借助时间和空间距离的转换关系，空间决策问题可以等价转化为跨期决策问题。按照描述不变性原则，经过“速度”这一媒介转换形成的两种完全等价的决策问题，不应该引起不同的选择偏好。但近期研究表明，当采用时间/空间两种不同的框架去描述“在两段旅程中进行二择一”的选择问题时，大多数人的选择偏好会发生改变，这就是所谓的“时空框架效应”。 然而，在现实生活中更多面对的并不总是双选项或多选项的选择场景，而是面对单选项(即，仅有一段旅程)进行评估的场景。在双选项决策情境中得到的现成结果和理论解释机制无法帮助我们直接回答:“在分别面对单选项的时间或者空间框架时，是否会产生一种单选项的时空框架效应?以及如果存在这么一种效应，其心理机制是什么?有无边界条件?”等问题。 为回答上述问题，我们总共进行了三项研究(共6个实验)，研究一主要侦测单选项时空框架效应是否存在，研究二主要探寻其效应产生的心理机制，研究三则在更广的参数范围验证时空框架效应的鲁棒性和探索其边界条件(调节)。 研究一分别通过实验室研究设计(实验la)和现场准实验设计(实验1b)考察单选项(面对一段旅程)时空框架是否存在。实验la随机将被试分配到两种不同条件下(时间框架vs.空间框架)，被试将完成两种常见出行情境的意愿评估任务。实验la结果发现，对比于“40分钟步行路程”，人们在“3公里步行路程”描述下更愿意出行;对比于“15公里地铁乘坐路程”，人们在“25分钟地铁乘坐路程”描述下更愿意出行。实验1b利用“金秋健步走活动”现场准实验在真实情境中考察时空框架效应，结果发现，在运动习惯自评中自评为热爱运动的人群中，时空框架效应能够显著影响人们的“出行意愿”，对比于时间框架“40分钟步行路程”，在空间框架“3公里步行路程”下人们“出行意愿”更高;“真实的出行行为”上侦测到的结果与预期的时空框架效应方向一致，但未达到统计上的显著性。 研究二分为实验2a和实验2b。实验2a采用了与实验la一致的场景与参数，但添加了心理距离的测量，并采用了被试内设计和与la相同的施测过程，实验2b在实验2a的基础上仅仅互换了出行目的“多次/单次”属性。实验2a结果表明，心理距离在时空框架影响出行意愿的过程中扮演了中介作用，即，时空框架的变化影响了被试对心理距离的感知，从而进一步影响了被试的出行意愿。具体而言，当被试感知的距离越长时，其出行意愿越低;相反，当被试感知的距离越短时，其出行意愿越高。实验2b结果表明，假设情境单选项评估的时空框架方向主要与参数设置有关，且再次积累了支持“心理距离在时空框架影响出行意愿的过程中扮演了中介作用”的证据。 研究三分为实验3a与实验3b。实验3a通过多组参数设置发现在更广范围内时空框架效应仍稳健地存在，且通过交通方式操纵感知体力耗费((physical effort)程度时，发现时空框架效应的方向受到感知体力耗费这一因素的调节:当感知体力耗费较高时，被试在空间框架下心理距离更短，出行意愿更高;当感知体力耗费较低时，被试在时间框架下心理距离更短，出行意愿更高。实验3b采用jspsych编写了一个模拟星空穿梭的实验来探究移动感(sensation of moving) 对单选项时空框架的影响。结果发现移动感的唤起会使得人们更加青睐用空间表达的选项(即空间框架下心理距离更短，出行意愿更高)，且更快的移动感会加大此种趋势。 综上，本研究表明:面对单选项(即，仅有一段旅程)的评估场景，我们仍然可以侦测到违背不变性原则的时空框架效应。其可能的心理机制是:心理距离中介了时空框架与出行意愿的关系。此外，感知体力耗费与移动感调节了时空框架效应。本研究发现，通过简单地操纵时间或空间框架即可提高或降低人们选择特定出行行为的意愿，这将为“个性化”呈现出行信息方式提供了科学依据，在人工智能时代具有非常广泛的应用前景。 |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 源URL | [http://ir.psych.ac.cn/handle/311026/46085]  |
| 专题 | 心理研究所_社会与工程心理学研究室 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 杜思源. 单选项时空框架:效应、心理机制与边界条件[D]. 中国科学院心理研究所. 中国科学院大学. 2023. |
入库方式： OAI收割
来源：心理研究所
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