The use of mobile phones is widespread and universal. Middle school students are in the adolescence stage, and due to a lack of good self-control, they are more likely to develop mobile phone addiction behavior, which can have adverse effects on their physical and mental health. Therefore, studying the mechanism of mobile phone addiction is of great significance. This study used a questionnaire survey method to investigate 312 middle school students. The data were subjected to differential testing, descriptive statistics, and correlation analysis using Spss 26.0. Finally, regression analysis was used to test the moderating effect of parent-child communication problems and bad peer relationships between sensation seeking and mobile phone addiction. The research results show that: (1) Sensation seeking personality traits can significantly predict mobile phone addiction behavior; (2) In the impact of sensation seeking on mobile phone addiction behavior, parent-child communication problems and bad peer relationships play a moderating role. The results of this study can provide a theoretical basis for preventing and intervening in adolescent mobile phone addiction, thereby better promoting the physical and mental health development of middle school students.