This study explores the relationship between father's parenting style, social adaptation, and executive function of preschool children. Firstly, traditional psychological methods were used to collect questionnaires on father's parenting style, children's social adaptation, and executive function using the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ), Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) (parent version), and Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Preschool Version (BRIEF-P) from preschool children aged 3 to 6 years. The collected data was analyzed using structural equation modeling, and the results showed that father's parenting style was related to preschool children's social adaptation, with executive function playing a partial mediating role and child gender playing a moderating role. Secondly, the study used the XGBOOST algorithm of artificial intelligence to analyze the data, with 80% of the data used as the training set to establish the algorithm model and predict the remaining 20% of the data. The results showed that the prediction accuracy could reach 95.16%. Moreover, XGBoost ranked the importance of independent variables, enabling timely and effective prevention of social maladaptation based on the most important factors.