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  4. 中国科学院地球与行星物理重点实验室
Comparison of Empirical and Theoretical Models of the Thermospheric Density Enhancement During the 3-4 February 2022 Geomagnetic Storm

文献类型：期刊论文

作者He, Jianhui6,7,10; Astafyeva, Elvira7; Yue, Xinan6,10; Pedatella, Nicholas M.9; Lin, Dong9; Fuller-Rowell, Timothy J.1,5; Fedrizzi, Mariangel1,5; Codrescu, Mihail1,5; Doornbos, Eelco8; Siemes, Christian4
刊名SPACE WEATHER-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS
出版日期2023-09-01
卷号21期号:9页码:24
DOI10.1029/2023SW003521
英文摘要On 3 February 2022, at 18:13 UTC, SpaceX launched and a short time later deployed 49 Starlink satellites at an orbit altitude between 210 and 320 km. The satellites were meant to be further raised to 550 km. However, the deployment took place during the main phase of a moderate geomagnetic storm, and another moderate storm occurred on the next day. The resulting increase in atmospheric drag led to 38 out of the 49 satellites reentering the atmosphere in the following days. In this work, we use both observations and simulations to perform a detailed investigation of the thermospheric conditions during this storm. Observations at higher altitudes, by Swarm-A (& SIM;438 km, 09/21 Local Time [LT]) and the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Follow-On (& SIM;505 km, 06/18 LT) missions show that during the main phase of the storms the neutral mass density increased by 110% and 120%, respectively. The storm-time enhancement extended to middle and low latitudes and was stronger in the northern hemisphere. To further investigate the thermospheric variations, we used six empirical and first-principle numerical models. We found the models captured the upper and lower thermosphere changes, however, their simulated density enhancements differ by up to 70%. Further, the models showed that at the low orbital altitudes of the Starlink satellites (i.e., 200-300 km) the global averaged storm-time density enhancement reached up to & SIM;35%-60%. Although such storm effects are far from the largest, they seem to be responsible for the reentry of the 38 satellites. On 3 February 2022, at 18:13 UTC, the 38 out of the 49 Starlink satellites reentered the atmosphere during a moderate geomagnetic storm that occurred on current and the next day. The storm-time enhanced thermospheric density is the cause of an enhanced atmospheric drag effect on the LEO satellites and space debris. In this work, the whole thermosphere neutral mass density conditions are investigated in detail by a combination of the observations and the model simulations. The results show that & SIM;110%-120% storm-time increase in the upper thermospheric density (e.g., & SIM;400-500 km), and the storm-time density increase reached & SIM;35%-60% at the orbit altitude of the Starlink satellites, that is, 200-300 km. Although such storm effects are far from the largest, they seem to be responsible for the reentry of the 38 satellites. Observations by Swarm-A (& SIM;438 km) and Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Follow-On (& SIM;505 km) missions show 110% and 120% storm-time increase in the thermospheric densityBoth empirical and numerical models captured the observed storm-time density enhancements, however simulated results differ by up to 70%Simulations show that the storm-time density increase reached 35%-60% at the orbit altitude of the Starlink satellites, that is, 200-300 km
WOS关键词UPPER-ATMOSPHERE ; ACCELEROMETER ; CIRCULATION ; IONOSPHERE ; CHAMP
资助项目Project of Stable Support for Youth Team in Basic Research Field, CAS[YSBR-018] ; B-type Strategic Priority Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences[XDB41000000] ; Chinese Meridian Project, the International Partnership Program Of Chinese Academy of Sciences[183311KYSB20200003] ; National Natural Science Foundation of China[42104160] ; China Scholarship Council (CSC) ; International Space Science Institute (ISSI) in Bern, through ISSI International Team[537] ; French National Space Agency (CNES) ; ESA[4000102140/10/NL/JA] ; GRACE-FO data[SW-CO-DTU-GS-129] ; NASA DRIVE Science Center for Geospace Storms (CGS)[80NSSC22M0163] ; NASA DRIVE Science Center for Geospace Storms (CGS)[80NSSC21K0008] ; NASA DRIVE Science Center for Geospace Storms (CGS)[80NSSC21K1677] ; NASA DRIVE Science Center for Geospace Storms (CGS)[80NSSC22K1635] ; NASA DRIVE Science Center for Geospace Storms (CGS)[80NSSC23K1055] ; National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) ; U.S. National Science Foundation[1852977]
WOS研究方向Astronomy & Astrophysics ; Geochemistry & Geophysics ; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
语种英语
出版者AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION
WOS记录号WOS:001068287200001
资助机构Project of Stable Support for Youth Team in Basic Research Field, CAS ; Project of Stable Support for Youth Team in Basic Research Field, CAS ; Project of Stable Support for Youth Team in Basic Research Field, CAS ; Project of Stable Support for Youth Team in Basic Research Field, CAS ; B-type Strategic Priority Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences ; B-type Strategic Priority Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences ; B-type Strategic Priority Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences ; B-type Strategic Priority Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Chinese Meridian Project, the International Partnership Program Of Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Chinese Meridian Project, the International Partnership Program Of Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Chinese Meridian Project, the International Partnership Program Of Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Chinese Meridian Project, the International Partnership Program Of Chinese Academy of Sciences ; National Natural Science Foundation of China ; National Natural Science Foundation of China ; National Natural Science Foundation of China ; National Natural Science Foundation of China ; China Scholarship Council (CSC) ; China Scholarship Council (CSC) ; China Scholarship Council (CSC) ; China Scholarship Council (CSC) ; International Space Science Institute (ISSI) in Bern, through ISSI International Team ; International Space Science Institute (ISSI) in Bern, through ISSI International Team ; International Space Science Institute (ISSI) in Bern, through ISSI International Team ; International Space Science Institute (ISSI) in Bern, through ISSI International Team ; French National Space Agency (CNES) ; French National Space Agency (CNES) ; French National Space Agency (CNES) ; French National Space Agency (CNES) ; ESA ; ESA ; ESA ; ESA ; GRACE-FO data ; GRACE-FO data ; GRACE-FO data ; GRACE-FO data ; NASA DRIVE Science Center for Geospace Storms (CGS) ; NASA DRIVE Science Center for Geospace Storms (CGS) ; NASA DRIVE Science Center for Geospace Storms (CGS) ; NASA DRIVE Science Center for Geospace Storms (CGS) ; National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) ; National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) ; National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) ; National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) ; U.S. National Science Foundation ; U.S. National Science Foundation ; U.S. National Science Foundation ; U.S. National Science Foundation ; Project of Stable Support for Youth Team in Basic Research Field, CAS ; Project of Stable Support for Youth Team in Basic Research Field, CAS ; Project of Stable Support for Youth Team in Basic Research Field, CAS ; Project of Stable Support for Youth Team in Basic Research Field, CAS ; B-type Strategic Priority Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences ; B-type Strategic Priority Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences ; B-type Strategic Priority Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences ; B-type Strategic Priority Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Chinese Meridian Project, the International Partnership Program Of Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Chinese Meridian Project, the International Partnership Program Of Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Chinese Meridian Project, the International Partnership Program Of Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Chinese Meridian Project, the International Partnership Program Of Chinese Academy of Sciences ; National Natural Science Foundation of China ; National Natural Science Foundation of China ; National Natural Science Foundation of China ; National Natural Science Foundation of China ; China Scholarship Council (CSC) ; China Scholarship Council (CSC) ; China Scholarship Council (CSC) ; China Scholarship Council (CSC) ; International Space Science Institute (ISSI) in Bern, through ISSI International Team ; International Space Science Institute (ISSI) in Bern, through ISSI International Team ; International Space Science Institute (ISSI) in Bern, through ISSI International Team ; International Space Science Institute (ISSI) in Bern, through ISSI International Team ; French National Space Agency (CNES) ; French National Space Agency (CNES) ; French National Space Agency (CNES) ; French National Space Agency (CNES) ; ESA ; ESA ; ESA ; ESA ; GRACE-FO data ; GRACE-FO data ; GRACE-FO data ; GRACE-FO data ; NASA DRIVE Science Center for Geospace Storms (CGS) ; NASA DRIVE Science Center for Geospace Storms (CGS) ; NASA DRIVE Science Center for Geospace Storms (CGS) ; NASA DRIVE Science Center for Geospace Storms (CGS) ; National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) ; National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) ; National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) ; National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) ; U.S. National Science Foundation ; U.S. National Science Foundation ; U.S. National Science Foundation ; U.S. National Science Foundation ; Project of Stable Support for Youth Team in Basic Research Field, CAS ; Project of Stable Support for Youth Team in Basic Research Field, CAS ; Project of Stable Support for Youth Team in Basic Research Field, CAS ; Project of Stable Support for Youth Team in Basic Research Field, CAS ; B-type Strategic Priority Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences ; B-type Strategic Priority Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences ; B-type Strategic Priority Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences ; B-type Strategic Priority Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Chinese Meridian Project, the International Partnership Program Of Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Chinese Meridian Project, the International Partnership Program Of Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Chinese Meridian Project, the International Partnership Program Of Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Chinese Meridian Project, the International Partnership Program Of Chinese Academy of Sciences ; National Natural Science Foundation of China ; National Natural Science Foundation of China ; National Natural Science Foundation of China ; National Natural Science Foundation of China ; China Scholarship Council (CSC) ; China Scholarship Council (CSC) ; China Scholarship Council (CSC) ; China Scholarship Council (CSC) ; International Space Science Institute (ISSI) in Bern, through ISSI International Team ; International Space Science Institute (ISSI) in Bern, through ISSI International Team ; International Space Science Institute (ISSI) in Bern, through ISSI International Team ; International Space Science Institute (ISSI) in Bern, through ISSI International Team ; French National Space Agency (CNES) ; French National Space Agency (CNES) ; French National Space Agency (CNES) ; French National Space Agency (CNES) ; ESA ; ESA ; ESA ; ESA ; GRACE-FO data ; GRACE-FO data ; GRACE-FO data ; GRACE-FO data ; NASA DRIVE Science Center for Geospace Storms (CGS) ; NASA DRIVE Science Center for Geospace Storms (CGS) ; NASA DRIVE Science Center for Geospace Storms (CGS) ; NASA DRIVE Science Center for Geospace Storms (CGS) ; National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) ; National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) ; National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) ; National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) ; U.S. National Science Foundation ; U.S. National Science Foundation ; U.S. National Science Foundation ; U.S. National Science Foundation ; Project of Stable Support for Youth Team in Basic Research Field, CAS ; Project of Stable Support for Youth Team in Basic Research Field, CAS ; Project of Stable Support for Youth Team in Basic Research Field, CAS ; Project of Stable Support for Youth Team in Basic Research Field, CAS ; B-type Strategic Priority Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences ; B-type Strategic Priority Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences ; B-type Strategic Priority Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences ; B-type Strategic Priority Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Chinese Meridian Project, the International Partnership Program Of Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Chinese Meridian Project, the International Partnership Program Of Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Chinese Meridian Project, the International Partnership Program Of Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Chinese Meridian Project, the International Partnership Program Of Chinese Academy of Sciences ; National Natural Science Foundation of China ; National Natural Science Foundation of China ; National Natural Science Foundation of China ; National Natural Science Foundation of China ; China Scholarship Council (CSC) ; China Scholarship Council (CSC) ; China Scholarship Council (CSC) ; China Scholarship Council (CSC) ; International Space Science Institute (ISSI) in Bern, through ISSI International Team ; International Space Science Institute (ISSI) in Bern, through ISSI International Team ; International Space Science Institute (ISSI) in Bern, through ISSI International Team ; International Space Science Institute (ISSI) in Bern, through ISSI International Team ; French National Space Agency (CNES) ; French National Space Agency (CNES) ; French National Space Agency (CNES) ; French National Space Agency (CNES) ; ESA ; ESA ; ESA ; ESA ; GRACE-FO data ; GRACE-FO data ; GRACE-FO data ; GRACE-FO data ; NASA DRIVE Science Center for Geospace Storms (CGS) ; NASA DRIVE Science Center for Geospace Storms (CGS) ; NASA DRIVE Science Center for Geospace Storms (CGS) ; NASA DRIVE Science Center for Geospace Storms (CGS) ; National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) ; National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) ; National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) ; National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) ; U.S. National Science Foundation ; U.S. National Science Foundation ; U.S. National Science Foundation ; U.S. National Science Foundation
源URL[http://ir.iggcas.ac.cn/handle/132A11/110849]  
专题地质与地球物理研究所_中国科学院地球与行星物理重点实验室
通讯作者Astafyeva, Elvira
作者单位1.Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO USA
2.Inst Rech Astrophys & Planetol IRAP, Toulouse, France
3.GET CNES, Space Geodesy Off, Toulouse, France
4.Delft Univ Technol, Delft, Netherlands
5.NOAA, Space Weather Predict Ctr, Boulder, CO USA
6.Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Geol & Geophys, Key Lab Earth & Planetary Phys, Beijing, Peoples R China
7.Univ Paris Cite, CNRS, UMR 7154, Inst Phys Globe Paris IPGP, Paris, France
8.Koninklijk Nederlands Meteorol Inst, De Bilt, Netherlands
9.Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, High Altitude Observ, Boulder, CO USA
10.Univ Chinese Acad Sci, Coll Earth & Planetary Sci, Beijing, Peoples R China
推荐引用方式
GB/T 7714		 He, Jianhui,Astafyeva, Elvira,Yue, Xinan,et al. Comparison of Empirical and Theoretical Models of the Thermospheric Density Enhancement During the 3-4 February 2022 Geomagnetic Storm[J]. SPACE WEATHER-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS,2023,21(9):24.
APA He, Jianhui.,Astafyeva, Elvira.,Yue, Xinan.,Pedatella, Nicholas M..,Lin, Dong.,...&Kubaryk, Adam.(2023).Comparison of Empirical and Theoretical Models of the Thermospheric Density Enhancement During the 3-4 February 2022 Geomagnetic Storm.SPACE WEATHER-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS,21(9),24.
MLA He, Jianhui,et al."Comparison of Empirical and Theoretical Models of the Thermospheric Density Enhancement During the 3-4 February 2022 Geomagnetic Storm".SPACE WEATHER-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS 21.9(2023):24.

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来源：地质与地球物理研究所

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