延迟满足能力发展的认知神经机制
文献类型：学位论文
| 作者 | 张晓亚 |
| 答辩日期 | 2023-12 |
| 文献子类 | 硕士 |
| 授予单位 | 中国科学院大学 |
| 授予地点 | 中国科学院心理研究所 |
| 其他责任者 | 李琦 |
| 关键词 | 延迟满足能力 社会情绪系统 认知控制系统 儿童青少年 纵向加速队列 |
| 学位名称 | 理学硕士 |
| 学位专业 | 应用心理 |
| 其他题名 | Neural mechanism of development of delayed gratification |
| 中文摘要 | Delayed gratification refers to the preference for larger later reward (LL reward) rather than smaller sooner reward (SS reward), and the ability of controlling himself when waiting for the LL reward. It's not only the core of the self-control mechanism, but also an important part in one's socialization and emotional regulation. In laboratory, researchers often use delay discounting task to measure delayed gratification ability which is weighed by discounting level. It's found that people tend to choose the SS reward compared to LL reward. And when entering into adolescence, teenagers' preference to LL reward would be strengthened一teenagers discount less and have stronger ability of delaying gratification in growing process. However, according to the Dual System Model of Puberty, the socioemotional system relevant to sensation seeking develops rapidly during early adolescence, and the cognitive control system responsible for inhibiting impulses develops more slowly. The different maturation time makes one hardly restrain himself from risky and reckless behavior, which is inconsistent with the developmental trajectories of delayed gratification. The reason is worth exploring. We utilize the behavioral and structural imaging data of Chinese Color Nest Project to investigate delayed gratification. This project recruit children and teenagers aging from 6 to 18 years old through an accelerated longitudinal design, and has conducted a baseline test and two tracking tests, with an interval of 21.6 months and 18.2 months, respectively. In each participation, subjects would finish the delay discounting task, scan T1 and T2 in functional magnetic resonance imaging to collect brain morphological data including cortical surface area and sub-cortical segmented volume. Overall, 155 participants are included in the cross一sectional study (10.29士2.42 years), while there are 54 participants enrolled into at least two tests, 130 measurements totally. In data analysis, we firstly use hierarchical multiple regression analysis and Likelihood Ratio Test to verify the two systems' effects on delayed discounting behavior. Then, we would establish a structural equation model with the systems as the predictors and delay discounting as the dependent variable. By comparing the standardized value of the two systems on delay discounting behavior, we could find whether the cognitive control system has a larger effect on delayed discounting behavior than the socioemotional system does. Results indicate that, in both cross-sectional study and longitudinal study，performance in delay discounting task increased with age during the transition into adolescence. Hierarchical regression analysis and Likelihood ratio test show that cortical surface area of cognitive control brain system (such as inferior parietal, ventrolateral PFC) and socioemotional brain system (such as cingulate cortex, orbitofrontal cortex) could explain the extra variance of delay discounting behavior. The subcortical segmented volume (including putamen and nucleus accumbens) also influenced delayed discounting in the longitudinal study .Structural equation model analysis reveals that, in cross-sectional study, the standardized value of effect from cognitive control system on delay discounting performance would increase as individual develops into adolescence, and surpass that of the socioemotional system. In longitudinal study, the socioemotional changes faster between two tests, but the standardized value of effect on delayed discounting performance is smaller than that of the cognitive control system. In conclusion, although the socioemotional system develops faster in the transition into adolescence, it exerts a smaller effect on delayed gratification than the cognitive control system does. And the influence of cognitive control system would be strengthened as age increases. This research can expand our understanding of neural mechanism of delayed gratification in childhood and adolescence. It also verifies and develops the dual-system model and delayed discounting model. Besides, when children and adolescents with weaker delayed gratification receive clinical treats, our outcome could provide reference for targeted therapies. |
| 英文摘要 | 延迟满足能力指个体为了获得更大的延迟奖赏而推迟接受即时奖赏的倾向，并能够在等待中表现出自我控制的能力。它既是自我控制的核心成分和重要效能，也是社会化和情绪调节的重要成分。延迟满足能力常用延迟折扣任务(delay discounting task)来进行测量，其高低用延迟折扣程度来表示。研究发现，相较于延迟奖赏，人们更偏好即时奖赏。同时在从儿童期步入青春期的过程中，个体对延迟奖赏的偏好变强，即青春期个体相较于儿童期有着较小的延迟折扣程度与较强的延迟满足能力。而青春期冒险行为双系统模型认为，负责增加感觉寻求动机的社会情绪系统在青春期早期发展迅速，而能够抑制轻率、鲁莽、冲动的认知控制系统发展较为缓慢。这两个系统成熟时间的差距使得个体难以抑制自身的冒险行为与冲动，因此使得青春期成为冒险行为和鲁莽行为的高发期。在认知控制系统的发展慢于社会情绪系统的情况下，青少年相较于儿童并没有表现出对即时奖赏的偏好与更薄弱的延迟满足能力。这其中的原因有待进一步探讨。 为了了解延迟满足能力在儿童青少年群体中的认知神经机制，我们采用了“彩巢计划”项目中的行为与结构像数据来进行研究。该项目通过纵向加速队列招募了年龄在6-18岁间的儿童与青少年，并已经对被试进行了一次基线测验与两次追踪测验，其中前两次测验的间隔时间为21.6个月，后两次测验的间隔时间为18.2个月。在每次测试中都指导被试完成延迟折扣任务，同时通过磁共振成像技术采集个体的大脑形态学数据:皮层表面积与皮质下脑区体积。横断研究共有被试155名(10.29士2.42岁)，纵向研究中至少参与两阶段测验的被试为54名，共130次测验。我们采用分层回归与似然比检验分析两个大脑系统在延迟折扣行为的发展中是否产生作用;随后通过结构方程模型对两个系统的影响效应进行比较，探讨认知控制系统对延迟折扣行为是否具有更大的影响。 结果表明，不论是在横断研究还是追踪研究中，儿童青少年的延迟折扣表现随着年龄发展都呈现出上升趋势。分层回归与似然比检验结果表明，认知控制系统脑区(如顶下小叶、背外侧前额叶等)与社会情绪系统脑区(如后扣带回、目匡额叶皮层等)的皮层表面积均能够解释延迟折扣表现额外的变异性。皮质下脑区的体积(右侧壳核与右侧伏隔核)在追踪研究中亦对延迟折扣表现产生作用。结构方程模型分析结果表明，在横断研究中，当个体从儿童期发展至青春期时，认知控制系统对延迟折扣表现的标准化效应值逐渐提高，并大于社会情绪系统对延迟折扣表现产生的效应。在追踪研究中，社会情绪系统在两次测验间表现出了比认知控制系统更大的变化率，但作用于延迟折扣行为的效应却依旧小于认知控制系统。 本研究结果说明，虽然在个体从儿童期步入青春期之时，认知控制系统的发育慢于社会情绪系统，但对延迟满足能力产生的作用却大于社会情绪系统，随着个体的年龄发展，它对延迟满足能力的影响也逐渐增强。这一问题的解决可以帮助我们掌握延迟满足能力的认知神经机制在儿童青少年时期的变化规律与机理，验证和发展青少年冒险行为双系统模型与延迟折扣理论。此外，当对延迟满足能力较弱的儿童青少年进行治疗时，当前研究结果能够为针对性的治疗方案提供借鉴。 |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 源URL | [http://ir.psych.ac.cn/handle/311026/46654]  |
| 专题 | 心理研究所_认知与发展心理学研究室 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 张晓亚. 延迟满足能力发展的认知神经机制[D]. 中国科学院心理研究所. 中国科学院大学. 2023. |
入库方式： OAI收割
来源：心理研究所
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