Objective. In the context of big date, the purpose of the study was to analyze the temperament characteristics of preschool children aged 3 to 7 years and their influences on parent-child relationships. Methods. The statistical software of SPSS26.0 was used to perform the analysis of the data collected via questionnaires completed by 497 groups of families with children aged 3 to 7 years recruited online. Results. 1) In the distribution of temperament types, intermediate was the majority type at 82.0%, while easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up accounted for 11.0%, 4.0%, and 2.8%, all of which were lower than those shown in previous studies. There was no statistically significant difference in temperament types by both genders (χ2=0.112,P=0.990) and birth order (χ2=9.154,P=0.165). 2) Gender, age, and birth order had different degrees of impact on each dimension of child temperament. 3) Upon controlling the factors of age, gender and birth order, the parent-child relationship had a predictive effect on each dimension of child temperament in regression analysis. Conclusions. Children's birth order was not found to have a significant effect on the development of their temperament. In the child-rearing process, enhancing parent-child intimacy and reducing parent-child conflict by paying attention to children's temperament characteristics will not only build good parent-child relationships, but also promote child temperament to develop positively.