The academic performance of primary school students varies, influenced by factors such as age, gender, and parental education, as well as psychological factors such as anxiety, depression, and sense of agency (SoA). We analyzed the academic performance of primary school students in a binary mathematical problem approach. Firstly, the academic performance was quantified into a binary form through histogram analysis, creating a binary learning scenario. Then, correlation analysis was conducted to identify features with a strong correlation and academic performance. Finally, the CHAID decision tree algorithm, a machine learning technique, was applied to construct a binary classification model for academic performance. The experimental results demonstrated that academic performance was positively correlated with age, father's education, mother's education, and students' SoA scores. Conversely, it was negatively correlated with depression scores. However, the correlation between gender and anxiety was not significant. The decision tree model validated the results of the correlation analysis and provided a profile of students with better academic performance, including older age, higher parental education, and higher SoA scores. The accuracy of the decision tree model was 74.1% showing practical implications for teaching. This research results highlighted the importance of considering various factors, such as age, parental education, and psychological factors, in understanding and predicting primary school students' academic performance.