生命性信息的注意偏向：来自行为与眼动的证据
文献类型：学位论文
| 作者 | 杨格晴 |
| 答辩日期 | 2024-06 |
| 文献子类 | 硕士 |
| 授予单位 | 中国科学院大学 |
| 授予地点 | 中国科学院心理研究所 |
| 其他责任者 | 王莹 |
| 关键词 | 生命性 注意偏向 自闭特质 时间进程 意识 |
| 学位名称 | 理学硕士 |
| 学位专业 | 认知神经科学 |
| 其他题名 | Attentional bias towards animacy: Behavioral and eye-tracking evidence |
| 中文摘要 | The perception of animacy is a fundamental ability for various species, including human beings. Due to the significance of animate information to survival and reproduction, researchers propose the Animate Monitoring Hypothesis, suggesting that over the long period of evolution, the human attentional system may have developed a mechanism to spontaneously and automatically prioritize the monitoring of animals, as animals are crucial cues of animacy. However, existing studies on this issue have not well separated the attentional selection of animals from other cognitive processes, and they have not examined the extent of automaticity of the attentional processes, resulting in a lack of substantial evidence for the hypothesis. Moreover, attending to animate information is usually the basis of social interaction, and capturing animate information in time is crucial for social cognition and making appropriate responses. Yet whether prioritized attentional selection of animate images associates with social cognition and the related personality traits (e.g., autistic traits) remains to be explored. In this thesis, we focused on the attention bias to animals over inanimate objects. On the one hand, we explored whether such a bias exists and examined the extent to which this bias is automatic from two dimensions, including the time course and the dependence on consciousness. On the other hand, the relationship between prioritized attentional processing of animals and social cognition was explored by examining the attention bias in individuals with different levels of autistic traits. This thesis contains two studies that explored these issues. In study 1, we investigated whether participants exhibit spontaneous attentional bias to animal images, the time course of this bias, and its link with individual autistic traits through behavioral reaction time and eye-movement indicators. In Experiment 1, using the dot-probe paradigm, we presented images of animals and man-made objects simultaneously, measuring the allocation of attention by participants’ reaction time to a Gabor patch following one of the images. The duration of images was manipulated to explore the time course of the attention bias. The results showed that animal cues can rapidly and persistently recruit preferential attention over inanimate ones in observers with relatively low, but not high, autistic traits. Moreover, individual Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ) scores were negatively correlated with the attentional bias toward animals, especially at the early orienting stage. These results were not simply due to low-level physical factors of images but reflect the advantages of high-level processing of animate information, as inverted or phase-scrambled pictures (control conditions in Experiments 1 & 2) did not yield a similar pattern. In Experiment 3, we recorded the eye movements of the participants when they were viewing images of animals and objects. We found that the latency of the first fixation after cue onset was shorter when the first fixation point was on animals, compared with objects, only in the low-AQ group. Time-based analyses also showed that participants with low autistic traits exhibited a faster and more stable bias for looking at animals than participants with high autistic traits. In Study 2, we presented the picture cues below the threshold of consciousness, exploring whether the attention bias to animal images can occur subliminally and the association between the attentional effect and individual autism traits through behavioral and eye-movement measurements. We made the visual stimuli invisible by employing the continuous flash suppression (CFS) paradigm combined with the dotprobe task. Experiment 4 presented invisible images of animals and objects at the same time. Experiment 5 presented invisible images of animals and scrambled animals simultaneously. No evident nonconscious attention bias to animals was found, in both the low- and high-AQ groups. Experiment 6 compared participants’ eye movements when watching nonconsciously presented pictures of animals and objects. Results again showed no evidence that the attention bias to animal images can occur without awareness. The correlation between the attentional effect and subjects’ AQ scores was not significant. In summary, evidence from both behavioral and eye-tracking experiments suggests that humans show a spontaneous attentional bias to animal images that contain animacy relative to inanimate images. This bias effect is somewhat automated in nature. It can occur at an early time window and is sustainable, but requires visual awareness of the animate cues. The early attentional bias to animate pictures correlates with subjects’ autistic traits. Individuals with high autistic traits showed reduced early attention bias to animals. These findings strongly support the Animate Monitoring Hypothesis, expanding our understanding of the attentional advantage of animate information in terms of its cognitive mechanisms and individual differences. Our research also highlights the fundamental role of animate information processing in the architecture of social cognition. |
| 英文摘要 | 生命性感知是包括人类在内的各类物种的一项基本能力。以往研究者提出生 命监测假说，认为由于探测和监控环境中生命体的变化对于生存繁衍具有重要意 义，而动物是生命性信息的重要载体，人类的注意系统在长期进化中可能发展出 了一套自发、自动地优先监控动物的机制。然而，该领域现有研究并未很好地分 离对动物本身的注意选择和其他认知过程，且缺乏对注意过程自动化程度的考察， 因此还需要更多的实验证据来支持上述观点。此外，对生命性信息的注意往往是 社会交互的基础，及时捕获生命性信息对于个体更好地进行社会认知及做出合适 的行为反应至关重要。然而对生命性信息的优先注意选择是否与社会认知及相关 的人格特质 (如自闭特质) 之间存在关联仍是有待探究的问题。 为此，本文聚焦于对动物自发的注意偏向，一方面探究动物图片相对于非生 命性图片的注意偏向是否存在，并从时间进程及对意识的依赖性两个维度考察该 偏向的自动化程度，另一方面通过考察不同水平自闭特质个体表现出的注意偏向 探究生命性信息注意优势与社会认知的关联。本文共包含两个研究。 研究一通过行为反应时和眼动指标，探究了被试对动物自发的注意偏向、该 偏向的时间进程及其与认知主体自闭特质的关联。实验 1 采用点探测范式，同时 呈现动物和人造物体图片，通过被试对随后出现的光栅位置的反应时来衡量注意 的分配，并通过操纵图片呈现时间考察注意的时间进程。结果表明，低自闭特质 组被试而非高自闭特质组被试表现出对动物图片快速且持续的注意偏向，且被试 的自闭特质分数 (AQ) 与其对动物的注意偏向效应大小呈负相关，该负相关在 注意早期阶段最为显著。而使用倒立或相位打乱的图片 (实验 1 和 2 中的控制条 件) 未能观察到同样的结果，说明以上结果无法完全由图片的低水平物理属性解 释，而反映了对高水平生命性信息的加工优势。实验 3 记录了被试观看同时呈现 的动物和物体图片时的眼动反应，发现只有低自闭特质被试在图片呈现后的首次 注视点看向动物时，相比于看向物体时的潜伏期更短。基于时间的分析也表明低 自闭特质被试会比高自闭特质被试表现出更快速和更稳定的对动物的注视偏向。 研究二将刺激图片呈现在意识阈限之下，通过行为反应时和眼动指标，探索 动物图片的注意偏向能否在无意识条件下发生及上述注意效应与个体自闭特质 的关联。通过在点探测任务中采用连续闪烁抑制范式使视觉刺激处于不可见状态， 实验 4 将动物和物体图片同时在意识下呈现，实验 5 将动物和打乱的动物图片同 时在意识下呈现，不论在低自闭特质还是高自闭特质群体中均未观察到不可见动 物图片相对于物体图片诱发注意偏向。实验 6 比较了被试在观看不可见的动物和物体图片时的眼动，也未发现动物图片的注意偏向能够在意识下发生的证据，注 意效应与被试自闭特质分数的相关也不显著。 综上，来自行为和眼动的证据均表明，人类自发表现出对包含生命性的动物 图片相对于非生命性图片的注意偏向，该效应具有一定程度的自动化性质，可以 在较早的时窗下发生且具有一定的持续性，但需要依赖被试对生命性图片的视觉 意识。此外，对生命性图片的早期注意偏向与认知主体的自闭特质存在关联，高 自闭特质者对动物的早期注意偏向存在一定异常。这些研究结果有力支持了生命 性监测假说，从认知机制和个体差异等方面拓展了我们对生命性信息注意加工优 势的理解，同时强调了生命性信息加工在社会认知层级结构中的基础性作用。 |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 源URL | [http://ir.psych.ac.cn/handle/311026/47968]  |
| 专题 | 心理研究所_认知与发展心理学研究室 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 杨格晴. 生命性信息的注意偏向：来自行为与眼动的证据[D]. 中国科学院心理研究所. 中国科学院大学. 2024. |
入库方式： OAI收割
来源：心理研究所
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