眼睛注视对物体认知加工的影响及其机制
文献类型：学位论文
| 作者 | 于祎雯
|
| 答辩日期 | 2024-06 |
| 文献子类 | 博士 |
| 授予单位 | 中国科学院大学 |
| 授予地点 | 中国科学院心理研究所 |
| 其他责任者 | 王莉 ; 蒋毅 |
| 关键词 | 眼睛注视 箭头 意图加工 时间知觉 视觉意识 |
| 学位名称 | 理学博士 |
| 学位专业 | 认知神经科学 |
| 其他题名 | The effects of eye gaze on the cognitive processing of objects and the underlying mechanisms |
| 中文摘要 | Eye gaze communicates a person’s attentional state and intentions toward objects, playing a crucial role in social interaction and nonverbal communication. Objects gazed upon by others often become our focus of attention. Sensitivity to eye gaze and its targets is advantageous for survival and development. Increasing evidence suggests the existence of social attention mechanisms specific to eye gaze. Researchers have demonstrated that other’s eye gaze can influence observers’ subjective evaluations of objects. However, how eye gaze influences people’s perception of the external world, whether eye gaze affects subliminal processing of objects, whether these effects are specific to eye gaze, and the underlying mechanisms remain to be further explored. Additionally, due to limitations of previous paradigms, whether the effects of eye gaze on object processing can exist independently of immediate gaze cues remains to be investigated. Therefore, we employed a unique central cue associative learning paradigm to compare the qualitative differences between social cues represented by eye gaze and non-social cues represented by arrows on object processing. Through behavioral measures, it was demonstrated that eye gaze could specifically influence the perception of objects, the influence of eye gaze on object processing could occur at the subconscious level, and those effects existed independently of immediate eye gaze cues. Furthermore, physiological and neural measures were used to investigate the effects of eye gaze on object processing and the underlying mechanisms. Study One adapted the classic central cueing paradigm into a central cue associative learning paradigm, combined with time-discrimination tasks, attentional bias tasks, and visual search tasks to investigate the effects of eye gaze on objects’ time perception and attentional characteristics at the conscious level. The study found that objects associated with eye gaze were perceived to appear for a significantly shorter time compared to non-associated objects, regardless of whether the target was a social cartoon face or a simple Gabor patch. This time compression effect was not due to general attentional allocation, as it was not observed when objects were associated with non-social directional cues (i.e., arrows). Importantly, when the gazing agent’s line of sight was blocked by barriers, the time compression effect was not found, reflecting the key role of intention processing triggered by eye gaze cues in modulating time perception. By measuring participants’ autistic traits, individual differences in social abilities were taken into account, and it was found that the time compression effect was negatively correlated with participants’ autistic traits, further indicating the role of implicit intention processing in eye gaze-induced time compression effects. Notably, no attentional advantage was found for objects associated with eye gaze in attentional bias tasks and visual search tasks when the target was present, but participants spent more time searching for associated objects when the target was absent, implying an expectation for objects associated with eye gaze. However, this kind of expectation may diminish with practice. This study supported the existence of mechanisms specific to eye gaze, which can shape our perception of time and expectations of the external world. Study Two investigated the effects of eye gaze on objects’ visual awareness competition and access at the subconscious level, combining the central cue associative learning paradigm with binocular rivalry tasks and breaking continuous flash suppression tasks. It was found that Gabor patch associated with eye gaze dominated in visual awareness competition and could access to awareness more quickly compared to non-associated Gabor patch. This priority effect was not due to general attentional allocation, as it was not observed when non-social directional cues (i.e., arrows) were associated with Gabor patch. Through a non-rivalry control experiment, it was found that the priority effect induced by eye gaze was indeed the advantage of associated targets in awareness access rather than a result of response bias. This study supported the existence of mechanisms specific to social cues that can shape our visual awareness. Study Three combined the central cue associative learning paradigm with passive viewing tasks, using pupil size as an indicator to investigate whether the effects of eye gaze on object processing can be observed through passive physiological indicators. Considering that anxiety can affect individuals’ processing of social information, trait anxiety scores of participants were taken into account. The results showed that in participants with low trait anxiety, significantly larger changes in pupil size were observed between posttest and pretest when observing cartoon face associated with eye gaze compared to non-associated cartoon face. However, no such effects were found in participants with high trait anxiety. This study indicated that the impact of eye gaze on object processing varies among individuals in terms of pupil indicators, suggesting that individual differences in learning abilities or tendencies in interpreting social information can influence their responses to the external world. Study Four utilized event-related potential (ERP) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) techniques to examine the neural mechanisms underlying the effects of eye gaze on object processing. As the P3 component has been related to expectancy, smaller P3 component has been elicited by stronger expectancy. In the ERP experiment, we focused on changes in P3 responses elicited by objects after being gazed at, to further validate the enhanced expectancy results found in Study 1. The results of the ERP experiment showed that objects associated with eye gaze induce smaller P3 responses in the posttest compared to the pretest, in contrast to non-associated objects. Notably, there was no correlation between the early directing attention negativity (EDAN) induced by eye gaze cues and the effects of P3. These findings once again suggested the role of intention processing in modulating object processing affected by eye gaze and provided neural evidence for the altered expectations of associated objects indicated by behavioral results in Study One. The results of the fMRI experiment showed that the right precuneus is the key brain area involved in the changes of object processing associated with eye gaze. This study explored the neural mechanisms underlying the effects of eye gaze on object processing, laying the groundwork for further research. In summary, this dissertation has elucidated the specific impacts of eye gaze on object processing at both conscious and subconscious levels, revealing that these effects stem from the intention processing triggered by eye gaze. We have identified physiological and ERP indicators of changes in object processing, and have explored the influence of individual differences in social abilities on eye gaze-induced effects. Importantly, we have pinpointed the right precuneus as a key brain region for changes in object processing associated with eye gaze. Collectively, these findings provide strong supporting evidence for the "social brain" theory. |
| 英文摘要 | 眼睛注视传递他人对物体的注意和意图，在社会互动以及非言语交流中起到重要作用，他人注视的物体常常会成为我们的注意焦点，对眼睛注视及其目标的敏感有利于生存发展。越来越多的研究证据表明存在特异于眼睛注视的社会性注意机制，已有研究发现他人的眼睛注视可以影响观察者对物体的主观评价，然而眼睛注视会如何影响人们对外在世界的感知，眼睛注视能否影响物体的意识下加工，这些影响是否是眼睛注视特异的，以及其背后有着怎样的机制，仍有待进一 步探索。并且，基于以往范式的限制，还不清楚眼睛注视对物体认知加工的影响是否可以脱离眼睛注视即刻的提示而存在。因此，本文采用了特殊的中央线索联 结学习范式，对比了以眼睛注视为代表的社会线索和以箭头为代表的非社会线索对物体认知加工的影响，通过行为指标证明，眼睛注视可以特异性地影响对物体的感知，这种影响可以体现在意识下层面，并且可以脱离眼睛注视即刻的提示而存在。此外，还通过生理指标和神经指标考察了眼睛注视对物体认知加工的影响及其机制。 研究一将经典的中央线索范式改编为中央线索联结学习范式，并结合时距分 辨任务、注意偏向任务和视觉搜索任务，从意识上层面，考察眼睛注视对物体时间知觉以及注意特性的影响。研究发现，与眼睛注视相联结的物体，相比非联结 物体，会显著地被知觉为呈现得时间更短，不论目标是社会性的卡通人脸还是简单的光栅，均观察到这一效应。这一时间压缩效应不是由于一般性的注意分配，因为当物体与非社会方向性线索（即箭头）相联结时，未发现时间知觉的显著改变。关键的是，当传递眼睛注视线索的人的视线被挡板挡住时，也未发现时间知觉的改变，反映出眼睛注视线索引发的意图加工在调节时间知觉效应中的作用。 通过测量被试的自闭特质，我们将个体在社交能力上的差异纳入考量，研究发现时间压缩效应与被试的自闭特质存在负相关，这一结果进一步说明了内隐的意图加工在眼睛注视诱发的时间压缩效应中的作用。值得注意的是，在注意偏向任务以及目标存在时的视觉搜索任务中，没有发现与眼睛注视相联结的物体相比非联 结物体，获得注意优势；但是当目标不存在时，被试会用更多时间搜索联结物体，这暗示着被试对与眼睛注视相联结的物体有期待；然而，这种联结物体会出现的 预期可能会随着练习而消退。该研究支持了存在特异于眼睛注视线索的加工机制，这个机制可以塑造我们对外界的时间感知以及预期。 研究二从意识下层面，将中央线索联结学习范式与双眼竞争任务和突破连续闪烁抑制任务相结合，考察眼睛注视对物体视觉意识竞争以及通达的影响。我们发现与眼睛注视相联结的光栅，相比非联结光栅，在视觉意识竞争中占据优势，并且可以更快地通达意识。上述优势效应不是由于一般的注意分配，因为当非社 会方向性线索（即箭头）与光栅相联结时，未发现这一优势效应。通过非竞争的控制实验，我们发现眼睛注视诱发的优势效应确实是联结目标在意识通达上的优 势，而非反应偏向的结果。该研究支持了存在特异于社会线索加工的机制，这个机制可以塑造我们对外界的视觉意识。 研究三结合中央线索联结学习范式和被动观看任务，使用了瞳孔大小这一指 标，探究是否能从被动的生理指标观察到眼睛注视对物体认知加工的影响。考虑到焦虑会影响个体对于社会性信息的加工，在该研究中将被试的特质焦虑得分纳入考量。结果发现，在低特质焦虑的被试中，观察到与眼睛注视相联结的卡通人脸，相比非联结的卡通人脸，在后测相比前测的瞳孔变化显著更大；在高特质焦虑的被试中，没有发现上述效应。该研究表明，眼睛注视对物体认知加工的影响在瞳孔指标上存在个体差异，暗示着个体对社会信息的学习能力或解读倾向会影响到其利用社会信息对外界进行反应。 研究四利用事件相关电位（event-related potential, ERP）技术和功能性磁共 振成像（functional magnetic resonance imaging, fMRI）技术从神经层面考察眼睛注视对物体认知加工的影响及其机制。由于 P3 成分与预期有关，预期越强引发 的 P3 成分越小，在 ERP 实验中，我们着重考察了物体在经过眼睛注视之后引起的 P3 反应变化，以进一步验证研究一所发现的预期增强结果。ERP 实验的结果表明，与眼睛注视相联结的物体，相比非联结物体，在后测相比于前测诱发更小 的 P3 反应；由眼睛注视所引起的早期注意定向负波（early directing attention negativity, EDAN）与 P3 的效应不存在相关。上述结果再次暗示了意图加工在眼 睛注视影响物体认知加工中的作用，并为研究一由行为结果提示的对联结物体的预期发生了改变提供神经证据。fMRI 实验的结果表明，右侧楔前叶是与眼睛注 视相联结物体认知加工改变的关键脑区。该研究探索了眼睛注视对物体认知加工影响的神经机制，为进一步的研究奠定了基础。 研究四利用事件相关电位（event-related potential, ERP）技术和功能性磁共振成像（functional magnetic resonance imaging, fMRI）技术从神经层面考察眼睛注视对物体认知加工的影响及其机制。由于 P3 成分与预期有关，预期越强引发 的 P3 成分越小，在 ERP 实验中，我们着重考察了物体在经过眼睛注视之后引起的 P3 反应变化，以进一步验证研究一所发现的预期增强结果。ERP 实验的结果表明，与眼睛注视相联结的物体，相比非联结物体，在后测相比于前测诱发更小 的 P3 反应；由眼睛注视所引起的早期注意定向负波（early directing attention negativity, EDAN）与 P3 的效应不存在相关。上述结果再次暗示了意图加工在眼睛注视影响物体认知加工中的作用，并为研究一由行为结果提示的对联结物体的预期发生了改变提供神经证据。fMRI 实验的结果表明，右侧楔前叶是与眼睛注视相联结物体认知加工改变的关键脑区。该研究探索了眼睛注视对物体认知加工影响的神经机制，为进一步的研究奠定了基础。 |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 源URL | [http://ir.psych.ac.cn/handle/311026/48006]  |
| 专题 | 心理研究所_认知与发展心理学研究室 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 于祎雯. 眼睛注视对物体认知加工的影响及其机制[D]. 中国科学院心理研究所. 中国科学院大学. 2024. |
入库方式： OAI收割
来源：心理研究所
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